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-Illness and diseases were
Caused by evil spirits and demons
as a punishment from the Gods
-Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies
Herbs and plants used as medicines
-Average life span was 20 years -
-Physicians were priests
-Health Records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians
-Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment
- The Average life span was 20-30 years -
- They believed in the need to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body -Recorded a pharmacopoeia of medications based mainly on the use of herbs -Used therapies such as acupuncture -Began to search for medical reasons for illness -Average life span was still 20-30 years
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-Hippocrates (Father of Medicine) and other physicians
First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.
-Believed illness is a result of natural causes
-Used massages, herbal treatment, and art therapy to help
-average life span was 25-35 years -
-First to organize medical care by providing care for injured soldiers
-hospitals were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
-First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts
-Galen established belief that the body was regulated by four body humors; blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile
-Life span was 25-35 years -
-Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited
-Prayer and divine intervention were used to treat illness & disease
-Monks and priests provide custodial care for sick people
-Medications were mainly herbal mixtures
-Average life span was 20-30 years
-Cause of disease still blamed on circumstance, but no understanding -
-Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans
-1100: Arabs began requiring physicians pass examinations and obtain licenses
-1346-1353: Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia
-Major diseases included
smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, the plaque, and malaria
- 1220-1255: Medical Universities were established
Average life span was 20-35 years -
-Rebirth of Science of Medicine
-Body Dissections led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology
-1440: Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared
-1543: First anatomy book was published by Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
-Average life span was 30-40 years
-Disease cause STILL a mystery -
-Knowledge regarding the human body GREATLY increased
-1500’s: Ambroise Pare, a French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery established use of ligatures to stop bleeding
-1600’s: Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications
-1670: Invention of the microscope
Allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.
-Average life span went way up to 35-45 years
-Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections -
1714: Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer
1760: Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
1778: John Hunter established scientific surgical procedures and introduced tube feeding
1798: Smallpox vaccine discovered
Average life span 40-50 years -
-advancements due to discoveries of microorganisms, anesthesia, and vaccinations
-1895: X-Ray Machine Developed
-1893: First Open Heart Surgery
-Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease
-1816: Invention of the stethoscope
-1860: Formal training for nurses began
-Women became participants in health care
-Average life span went up to 40-60 years -
-Kidney Dialysis Machine -
ABO blood groups discovered
Found out how white blood cells protect against disease
New medications were developed -
-Antibiotics developed to fight infections (penicillin)
-New machines developed -
Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes -
-Heart Lung Machine
-Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions
-structure of DNA discovered and research in gene therapy begins -
-First Bone Marrow Transplant
-Initiated Embryonic Stem Cell Research -
-Test tube babies -
-First artificial heart -
1960: Kidney
1963: Liver
1967: Heart -
1910: Laparoscopic Surgery
Minimal Invasive Surgery
1970’s: Targeted Cancer Therapies
Interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth
Identify and kill the cancer cells
1990: Smoke Free Laws
Decrease in 2nd Hand Smoke
1996: Advances in HIV Medication
Turned a “death sentence disease” into a manageable chronic disease – Normal Life Span
1999: Rapid advances in Stem Cell Research
Re-Create lost/damaged tissue -
2001: The first totally implantable artificial heart was placed in a patient in Louisville, Ky. In
2003: Human Genome Project Completed
Mapped out human diseases in an effort to get an handle on genetic and autoimmune diseases
2005: Face Transplants
Vaccines
2006: HPV vaccine to prevent Cervical Cancer
2015: Malaria
2015: Ebola