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Important medicines such as morphine and digitalis(for the heart), are medicines still used today.
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Believed disease was caused by supernatural spirits and demons.
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The average life span was 20 years old.
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They called on the gods to heal them.
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Physicians were priests that had studied medicine and surgery in temple medical schools. Imhotep in 2275 BC may have been the first physician.
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The average life span was 20 to 30 years old.
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They had religious prohibitions against dissection and that resulted in lack of knowledge of the body structure.
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They believed that they needed to treat the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body.
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The average life span was 20 to 30 years old.
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Hippocrates was from 460-377BC and is called the Father of Medicine. Hippocrates developed a method to observe the human body. He recorder signs and symptoms of many diseases and created the Oath of Hippocrates, that is used by physicians today.
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Aristotle was from 384-322 BC. He dissected animals and is called the founder of comparative anatomy.
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The average life span is 25 to 35 years old.
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They created aqueducts to carry water to the cities. Also, they built sewers to carry waste materials away from cities. Using a filtering system in public bathrooms to prevent disease, and drained marshes or reduce the incidence of malaria.
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Hospitals developed when physicians cared for ill people in rooms in their homes.
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The average life span was 25 to 35 years old.
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It was prohibited to emphasis what was placed on saving the soul.
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They treat disease through prayer and divine intervention.
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The average life span was 20 to 30 years old.
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Physicians began to take in knowledge at medical universities in the 9th century.
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A pandemic of the bubonic plague, killed 3/4 of the population of Europe and Asia.
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Rhazes was an Arab physician and became known as the Arab Hippocrates. Rhazes based diagnoses on observations of the signs and symptoms of the disease. He developed criteria for distinguishing between smallpox and measles in AD 910. He suggested that blood was the cause of many infectious diseases, and began the use of animal gut for suture material.
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The average life span was 20 to 35 years old.
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The rebirth was of the science of medicine.
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The dissection of the body began to allow a better understanding of anatomy and physiology.
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Michelangelo(1475-1564) and Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519) used dissection in order to draw the human body more realistically.
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The average life span was 30 to 40 years old.
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The causes of disease were still not known and many people died from infections and childbirth fever.
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Ambroise Pare(1510-1590), a French surgeon, was known as the Father of Modern Surgery. He established the use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding. Pare also eliminated the use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds and improved treatment of fractures. He also promoted the use of artificial limbs.
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Gabriel Fallopius (1523-1562), identified the Fallopian tubes in the female and described the tympanic membrane in the ear.
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The average life span was 35 to 45 years old.
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William Harvey (1578-1657) described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in 1628.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invented the microscope in 1666.
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Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications.
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The average life span was 35 to 45 years old.
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Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) created the first mercury thermometer in 1714.
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He prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy in 1795.
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Edward Jenner (1749-1823) developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796.
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The average life span was 40 to 50 years old.
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The first successful blood transfusion was performed on humans in 1818 by James Blundell.
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Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) became the first female physician in the United States in 1849.
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Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) was the founder of modern nursing. She established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854. She also opened the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London in 1860. She began the professional education of nurses.
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The International Red Cross was founded in 1863.
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Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923) discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895.
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The average life span was 40 to 60 years old.
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Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered penicillin in 1928.
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The first heart-lung machine was used for open-heart surgery in 1953.
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The first successful kidney transplant in humans was performed by Joseph Murray in 1954. The first liver transplant was performed by Thomas Starzl in 1963. The first lung transplant was performed by James Hardy in 1964. Lastly, the first successful heart transplant was performed by CHristian Barnard in 1968.
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Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan was developed in 1975.
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The first “test tube” baby, Louise Brown, was born in England in 1978.
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The average life span was 60 to 70 years old.
