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Evil spirits -
- Blood letting
- Exorcism
- Prayer and divine intervention
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Digitalis
- to treat heart conditions
Quinine
- controls fever, relives muscle spasms, and prevents malaria
Belladonna and atropine
- relives muscle spasms (gastrointestinal)
Morphine
- treats pain -
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Health records
- first to have accurate health records
Who are physicians?
- priests were physicians
How did they heal?
- called upon gods for healing
- used medicines
- learned to splint fractures
- bloodletting (leeches) -
Development of acupuncture
- first to use acupuncture therapies
- learned to use stone tools to treat many illnesses and disease
- developed into the Chinese acupuncture used today -
Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual
- were first to study cause of illness
- eventually figured out it was natural and not spiritual
Dissection
- bodies were not allowed to be dissected
Hippocrates
- wrote the standard of ethics “Oath of Hippocrates” -
Sanitation Systems
- brought clean water to cities
- built sewers and public baths
Organize medical care
- first to organize medical care
Hospital development
- kept rooms in their homes dedicated to the sick -
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The church believed that life and death was the choice of god -
- treatment turned to prayer
- herbal mixtures
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- millions of deaths from diseases
- Bubonic plague (the Black Death) killed 60 million
- others include smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, tuberculosis
- now not always life threatening ~ vaccines and medications have been created to control diseases
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- during the renaissance, new scientific progress and developments Universities
- built universities and medical schools for research
- searched for new ideas instead of “leaving it up to God” Dissection
- was final accepted for the study of the body Books
- developed the printing press and publishing books
- allowing access to more research
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- studied and recorded anatomy of body
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- discovered the Fallopian tubes (female anatomy)
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- discovered the Eustachian tube (runs from ear to throat)
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- knowledge of physiology
- able to describe circulation of blood and heart pumping
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- invented the microscope
- scraped teeth and found bacteria causing tooth decay
- now germ causing disease was visible
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- early pharmacies
- trade of drugs and spices in the East
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- discovered bifocals and how colds spread (from person to person)
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- students attended lectures in classroom
- observed patients at bedside
- dissected dead bodies to observe disease process
- led to more knowledge of causes to illness/death
- in 18th century more med students
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- discovered the element oxygen
- noticed plants give air oxygen after it’s lost (respiration)
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- saved lives from smallpox with a method of vaccination
- discovery led to preventative medicine and immunization
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- invented stethoscope
- first was made of wood
- helped doctors find disease and hear heart/lungs
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- took group of women to Crimean to care for soldiers who had cholera
- helped get women to be nurses and changed the belief that nursing wasn’t a good occupation for respectable women
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- found cause of puerperal fever (childbed fever)
- fever killed women after birth
- realized physicians were causing ~ needed to clean better
- made cleanliness an important part of health care
- now used to control infection
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- discovered microorganisms
- proved they cause diseases
- found that heating milk stops bacteria growth
- lead to pasteurizing milk (kills bacteria)
- created vaccine for rabies
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- found some diseases caused by microorganisms that cannot be seen with microscope
- called viruses
- not studied until electron microscope (Germany)
- viruses cause many diseases
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- used carbolic acid on wounds (parent infection)
- first doctor to use antiseptic to prevent infection in incision
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- created beginning of antiseptic
- method to keep area clean throughout surgery
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- discovered disease causing organisms
- culture plate (method to find pathogens, isolated tuberculosis causing bacteria)
- importance of sanitation
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- discovered effect of medicine on microorganisms
- effective on some, not all bacteria
- lead to cause of chemicals on disease
- found treatment for syphilis
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- discovered x-rays
- first picture was of wife’s hand
- helped doctors to see inside the body
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- used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to relive pain in surgery
- also choked unconscious to stop pain
- many died from pain and shock
- nitrous dioxide, ether, chloroform discovered (deep sleep during surgery)
- lead to the painless surgery today
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- discovered life threading infection can be treated with penicillin
- considered one of the most important discoveries in 20th century
- life threatening diseases now can be cured
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- found conscious vs. unconscious parts of mind
- studied unconscious effects of mind on body
- mind works with body
- discoveries were the start of psychology and psychiatry
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- discovered sulfonamide compounds
- first effective to kill bacteria
- changed practice of medicine (killing disease)
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- found that a dead polio virus = immunity to poliomyelitis
- this virus paralyzed thousands every year
- people feared disease and many died from death/crippling
- vaccine saved many people
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- used live polio virus vaccine (was more effective)
- used today to protect babies from poliomyelitis
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- discovered molecular structure of DNA
- model showed how DNA replicates and hereditary info
- in 1962 they won the Nobel Prize
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- first successful heart transplant in 1968
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- performs surgeries to separate Siamese twins
- performs hemispherectomies (on brain to stop seizures)
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- constant need for organ transplants (hard to find right donors)
- eyes, heart, skin, bone, muscles, bone, and liver have been successful
- solves having to wait for organs and saves many lives
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- small incisions for cameras or instruments
- less pain, easier/better recovery
- minimally invasive surgery (some can’t withstand long/regular surgery)
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- deaths have decreased significantly
- during heart attack can be treated
- many advancements such as bypass surgery
- health prioritized = healthy heart = less heart problems
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- instead of chemo/radiation (could cause more cancer) treatment is targeted towards cancer cells
- chemo/radiation attacks cancer and healthy cells
- targets deadly cancer cells and blocks the cells (strops spread)
- 25 drugs have been approved by FDA
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- doctors can see in the brain (how it’s working/what it does)
- can track changes in blood cells, oxygen levels, blood circulation, etc.
- doctors access brain/spinal cord without procedures