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Herbs, plants, morphine, and digitalis are all still used today
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Supernatural spirits and demons
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20 years
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They called upon the gods or used magic and medicinal plants
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Priests who studied medicine and surgery. The 1st was Imhotep
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20 to 30 years
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Religious prohibitions against dissection resulted in inadequate knowledge of body structure
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Believed in treating the whole body by curing the spirit and nourishing the body
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20 to 30 years
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Father of Medicine
-Developed method to observe the human body
-Recorded signs and symptoms of many diseases
-Created a high standard of ethics, the Oath of Hippocrates, used today -
Dissected animals. The founder of comparative anatomy
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25 to 35 years
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Aqueducts to transport clean water
Sewers to carry waste
Filtering systems in public baths
Drained marshes to reduce malaria -
Physician cared for the ill in their house, then they were religious and charitable institutions in monasteries and convents
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25 to 35 years
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Emphasis placed on saving the soul
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Prayer and divine intervention
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20 to 30 years
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Renewed interest in medical practices of Greeks and Romans
Physicians began to learn at medical universities -
Bubonic plague killed 75% of Europe and Asia
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Arab Hippocrates
Based diagnoses on observations of symptoms of diseases
Developed criteria for differentiating smallpox and measles
Suggested blood was the cause of many diseases
Began the use of animal gut for suture material -
20 to 35 years
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Of the science of medicine
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Allowed better understanding of anatomy and physiology
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Michelangelo and da Vinci used dissection to draw the human body
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30 to 40 years
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Still not known
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Ambroise Pare, French surgeon
Established use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding
Eliminated use of boiling oil to cauterize wounds
Improved treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs -
Identified the Fallopian tubes in the female
Described tympanic membrane in the ear -
35 to 45 years
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Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart
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Invented the microscope
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Made, prescribed, and sold medications
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35 to 45 years
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Created the first mercury thermometer
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Prescribed lime juice containing vitamin C to prevent scurvy
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Developed a vaccination for smallpox
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40 to 50 years
-
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First successful blood transfusion performed on humans by James Blundell
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First Female Physician in the US
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Founder of modern nursing
Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War
Opened the Nightingale school and home for nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital
Began the Professional education of nurses -
Founded by Clara Barton
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Discovered X-rays
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40 to 60 years
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Discovered Penicillin
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First Heart-lung machine used for open heart surgery
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First Successful Kidney Transplant
First lung transplant
First Successful Heart transplant -
Developed in 1975
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First “test tube’ baby born in England
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60 to 70 years