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they used to drill holes into peoples skulls as a form of acupuncture. Today we still use acupuncture but it is more safe and it's very different.
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Long ago people believed that disease was cause from evil spirits.
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the usual life expectancy was around 18 years old.
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treatments consisted of ointments made from animal, vegetable or fruit substances or minerals
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The first ever physicians were barbers, they were called on to perform minor surgical operations, pull teeth, and embalm the dead.
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The average human life expectancy at birth was only about 35 years.
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at this time they explored anatomy through the dissection of animals but mostly pigs and monkeys
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they discovered the different organs and their functions.
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the average life span was around 35 years old
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they created ways to find fresh water in their communities and the Romans were the first to use underground clay pipes for sanitation and water supply.
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Romans established buildings called valetudinaria for the care of sick slaves, gladiators, and soldiers
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the average life span was still around 35 years old
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Treatment of illness was prayer and divine intervention.
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There were herbal remedies that were provided by monks.
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the average life span went down to 30 years old
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The Schola Medica Salernitana was the first and most important medical school.
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The black death also known as the bubonic plague. Was a deadly disease that killed 25 million people.
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the first graphic description of smallpox and its differentiation from measles was written circa 910 AD by the Persian physician Rhazes.
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the average life span was 48-51 years old
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The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political, economic, and a period for discovery.
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Even though the Catholic Church prohibited dissection, artists and scientists performed dissection to better understand the body. And Renaissance artists were anxious to gain specialized knowledge of the inner workings of the human body, which would allow them to paint and sculpt the body in many different positions.
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Lorenzo Ghiberti, Donatello, Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Bellini, Andrea Mantegna, Sandro Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Michelangelo, Raphael were 10 of the most famous artists during the Renaissance period.
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The average life span was about 40 years old
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typhoid fever became an epidemic in the 16th century, it was caused by the overcrowded streets, with no sewage system or running water, human waste and garbage dumped on cobblestones, rats and other animals roaming freely
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Ambroise Paré made significant contributions in many areas of medicine and surgery (orthopedics, military medicine, obstetrics, and dentistry), and his writings had considerable influence, not only during his lifetime but also for centuries afterward.
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Gabriele Falloppio was an Italian Catholic priest and anatomist. He was one of the most important anatomists and physicians of the sixteenth century, giving his name to the Fallopian tube.
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the life expectancy was 40 years old
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William Harvey was an English physician who made influential contributions in anatomy and physiology. He discovered the circulation of blood.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch businessman and scientist in the Golden Age of Dutch science and technology. A largely self-taught man in science, he is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and one of the first microscopists and microbiologists.
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Apothecary is a term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses medicine to physicians, surgeons, and patients.
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the average life span was 35 years old
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Gabriel Fahrenheit was a physicist, inventor, and scientific instrument maker. Fahrenheit knew that the boiling temperature of water varied with the atmospheric pressure, and on this Principle he constructed a hypsometric thermometer that enabled one to determine the atmospheric Pressure directly from a reading of the boiling point of water.
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James Lind was a Scottish doctor. He was a pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy. By conducting one of the first ever clinical trials, he developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy.
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Edward Jenner was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae, the term devised by Jenner to denote cowpox.
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the average life span was 40 years old
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James Blundell successfully transfused human blood to a patient who had hemorrhaged during childbirth. In 1901, Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian physician discovered the first human blood groups, which helped transfusion to become a safer practice.
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Elizabeth Blackwell was a British physician, notable as the first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States, and the first woman on the Medical Register of the General Medical Council.
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Florence Nightingale was an English social reformer, statistician and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organised care for wounded soldiers at Constantinople.
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The American Red Cross was founded in 1881, after Clara Barton learned of the international movement while visiting Geneva, Switzerland in 1869. This is the invitation Clara Barton sent for the first Red Cross meeting.
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Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the inaugural Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
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the average life span was 50 years old
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Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the enzyme lysozyme and the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance which he named penicillin.
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On September 2, 1952, two University of Minnesota surgeons, Dr. Walton Lillehei and Dr. John Lewis, attempted the first open heart surgery on a five-year-old girl who had been born with a hole in her heart.
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the first ever transplant was a kidney transplant, other transplants that can take place are a heart transplant, and another one was a lung transplant.
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The first commercially available CT scanner was created by British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI Laboratories in 1972. He co-invented the technology with physicist Dr. Allan Cormack. Both researchers were later on jointly awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
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In vitro fertilisation is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro. The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a liquid in a laboratory.
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the average life span is 80 years old
