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This is a poem written by Dante discussing the belief of three stages people experience in the afterlife. It discusses Hell, Purgatory and Hell, and a journey of going through all three. It was a pivotal point in the concept of vernacular literature, because this grew in Italy. -
During this time period, many people believed that Africa didn't end. However, Bartolomeu was making an attempt to find an easier way to travel and trade, then as he traveled southward, he found the tip of Africa. Also, this ended up being the easiest route for trading. -
The Columbian, or Grand Exchange was a system of routes for trading item such as textiles and spices. It was used for almost 3 centuries as a main source of supplies for places such as Europe, Asia, Africa, and the America's.
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Vasco de Gama is the first man to have ever made to India from Europe by sea. He rounded to the Cape of Good Hope and ended his expedition in Calicut, India. This opened up a new trade route for Europeans. -
Done by Amerigo Vespucci, as a man that studied cartology, he mapped the new found land of America. He had discovered it as well in 1501, but took the time to map out the new land. -
This was written by Erasmus, a very original man making attempts to reform the Church. He wrote this piece of literature as a way to call out the church and point out what was wrong with the ways of corruption in the Catholic Church. Most say that Erasmus was the egg that Luther hatched. -
After 4 years of daily effort put into painting the entire Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo completes his master piece. There are many stories from his time spent in the chapel. including that he portrayed a critic in the pits of Hell being eaten by a snake! -
This is the first recorded trip of someone seeing the Pacific Ocean. Balboa. He set sail hoping to find gold in the Isthmus of Panama, and this is when he glances at the Pacific Ocean. -
Painted by Leonardo da Vinci, this piece introduced many new art concepts to Europe. The details on her face and the vivid background set this apart from anything seen before. It was a true turning point in the revolution. -
Martin Luther posts his religious ideas that combat against the views of the Catholic Church. The 95 Theses was posted on the most populated day of the year. This document started to uncover the blatant corruption of the Catholic Church. Once people started to share the same ideals as Luther, they band together to form as supporters and creators of Lutheranism. The impact this had on the town of Wittenburg, Germany , was that Luther's words started an entire Protestant movement.
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Hernan cortes is the reason the Mexico belonged to Spain and is now a mostly Spanish country. He conquered the Aztecs that were located in Mexico and then proceeded to take the land and claim it for his home country. -
Located in Worms, Germany, Charles V declared that Luther was a heretic and that his writings should be burned. Luther shocked everyone and said he would willingly destroy all of his works if they defied belief in God. Since known of them did, Charles V got so furious that he exiled Luther. -
Niccolo Machiavelli is the author of this revolutionary book. This sends a message to rulers to disregard all morals and only make decision based on what's "best" for the country.
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A Spanish Conquistador named Fransico Pizarro and other Spanish conquered the Inca Empire. Not many thought it could be done seeing as how the Inca's strategically put their small colony high up in the mountains of Machu Piccu. Inca was known for technicality and hoe much silvers and gold they possessed. So, Franciso and his men massacre the citizens, then made forceful efforts to convert the emperor, Atahualpa, to convert to Christianity or give them enormous amount of precious metals.
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This was a religious group started by a Spanish priest named Ignatius of Loyola. This spread all around Europe to have absolute love and obedience for the Pope -
Started by John Calvin, this is when Calvinism became explosive in the City of Geneva. This one city's progress stand point soon spread at it created a spark for the origins of Calvinism.
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Written by Thomas Cranmer and Edward VI, this book was written to make a well rounded and vernacular source of any religion. It was mostly used by the Anglican Church.
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Mary Tudor was a Catholic Queen that solidifies Anglicans fear in Catholic leaders. Her father, Henry VIII started the Anglican religion, which essentially divorced her parents and left a negative affect on her childhood. She grew to have a bitter hatred for Anglicans for agreeing to her parents' divorce. When she became ruler, she executed over 400 anglican priests, and forced most to leave England, Her reign's impact on England and the destruction of Anglicanism struck the community harshly.
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This document gave princes of small city states within the Holy Roman Empire to choose if they were Protestant or Catholic. Having over 300 of these small provinces making up the H.R.E., it was difficult to make each accustomed to one religion. So, to clear uncertainty, they were just given the choose.
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At this time, Charles owned a huge portion of Europe. He had to manage and become a king for multiple countries. Charles V got overwhelmed with stress and stepped down from his position. He became a monk and spent the rest of his time in a peaceful chamber. -
Elizabeth Tudor was known for a peacemaker and tried to undo most of Mary I's damage. She made many efforts to accept religious tolerance in England. The Elizabethan Compromise in 1559 was an equilibrium between Protestant and Catholic rights within England. It was so successful that it remained in power until her death in 1603.
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This is an attempt to reform the Catholic within monasteries and nunneries. The removal of corruption changes the church. Her efforts were eventually a success, which were called the Carmelite Order.
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The main purpose of the Spanish Armada was to escort soldiers from Flanders to then invade England. The Spanish attempt to build this humongous twice after Francis Drake sneaked through to the harbor and destroyed all their progress. It resulted in Spain losing the fight by a landslide and Spain went bankrupt. -
Written by Henry IV, this document was made to try and make equal peace for the citizens of France, Protestant or not. Henry had just recently became king of France, and with that he converted to Catholicism. Now, feeling empathetic towards both religions that had been violently ridiculing each other for decades, he wanted to restore the peace, and made this document saying that Protestants now had the right to peacefully worship in public. This document lasted until 1685. -
This is known as the single most successful companies in the entirety of human history. It introduces the concept on joint stock companies to a lot of people. Joint stocks meant you could invest some savings into different trading expeditions and depending on the outcome of the trip, you could earn or lose large amounts of money. The chance and newness of investing like this set the foundation for the now famous stock market.
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This event is known for triggering The Thirty Years War. It took place in Prague and essentially, a group of Protestants raided the Hradčany Castle, and found Catholic officials on the top floor. Then they proceeded to throw the Catholics out of the windows, 50 feet off the ground. The tension that circulated around this event was of course the attempted murder, but that both men survived from such an unbearable height.
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This was one of the first trips that had puritans sail over to the Americas. This was for their "freedom", and they believed that starting their religion in a new land would permanently enforce their land of Puritanism. -
This is known as the longest reign in the history of French monarchs, lasting 72 years and 110 days. he was known for being very elaborate and dramatic about being a king. One of the biggest actions he will be remembered for will be letting all his nobles live with him in the Palace of Versailles. He wanted to closely control them, which shows how precise he was about the matter.
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This shows when England was beginning to lean towards Protestant rule. This was towards the end of the Civil war and the Puritans were winning drastically because of the lead soldier that was a strategical genius, Oliver Cromwell. The Puritan-based Parliament charged Charles 1 of treason , and therefore executed him. This sent shockwaves throughout Europe because killing a king was believed to be the worst action ever taken by a person.
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Overruled by the military genius, Oliver Cromwell, this was when England went into an extreme Puritan rule. There was no fun or recreation and the citizens all had to abide by Protestant regulations and laws. This came to an when someone named George Monk decided to restore the family monarchy, and invited Charles II to rule.
