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Agricultural advancements
Advances have been made in agriculture/farming. These advances made it much easier to farm, and therefore there was more food. This led to population growth. Because there was a bigger population, more textiles were needed. Because of this, scientists tried to developed new machines, and they succeeded -
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Imperialism
In the late 1800’s many European countries controlled foreign lands (Imperialism). This was because of: Industrialism, to make the products raw materials were needed which could be found in foreign lands, the Europeans also needed new markets. Nationalism caused competition between European nations for foreign lands. The Europeans also believed they were better to get other people to introduce civilization to others. Their new military inventions more advanced then those of others to. -
Spinning Jenny
James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny. Because of this, making textiles went much faster, which was needed for the growing population. The spinning jenny was used in large factories where the machines were operated by women and children, since they were cheap workers. These factories were often close to rivers because they needed much water. -
American freedom
The colonists in the 13 colonies started to feel American rather than English and nationalism was formed. In 1776 the 13 colonies were done with the foreign rule and declared to be independent and so overthrew the English in their lands. Due to Nationalism the 13 colonies could create an army that could challenge the English in America. -
Steam powered machine
Edmond Cartwright invented a spinning wheel powered by a steam engine, it would burn coal with water near it causing it to evaporate: steam. It could spin much faster, and even replace humans. Because of this, the first industrial revolution was now really going fast because the steam engine could also power other machinery like entire trains. The first industrial revolution especially made Britain rich -
French Revolution
Tensions rose between the 1st/2nd estate and the 3rd estate in France. Eventually king Louis tried to raise taxes, but the 3rd estate was done with the other estates and revolted in 1789. In 1791, the French Assemble (3rd estate government) also declared the Rights of Man and Citizen, giving everyone basic rights. it was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence. -
Prussia & Austria vs. France
Austria and Prussia declared war on France to restore the French monarch’s power, causing food shortage and financial problems. This later caused the Reign of Terror. -
Reign of Terror
Due to war and it’s effects the “new” French government led by the Jacobins starts the Reign of Terror in 1993, killing tens of thousands of it’s citizens including king Louis XVI. The Reign of terror stops because of the opposition parties arresting and beheading the leader of the Jacobins in 1994. The new government however, is weak now. -
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Industrial society
Second Industrial Revolution was fuelled by oil, the beginning of the revolution was marked by the first power generator by Faraday. This invention made it possible to make lights, phones and more. Tesla improved the invention later and by combining a generator and an engine they were able to make cars. Also inventions like the assembly line and mass produced steel shaped the second industrial revolution. The revolution was dominated by the USA and Germany -
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Nationalism in conquered countries
In Europe, nationalism had spread because countries were controlled by foreigners. Imperialism caused nationalism to spread through the world. In the early 1800’s many American countries had already gained independence but some were still very influenced by Europe. In India, Britain had educated natives to help them rule, but instead they demanded independence. After the WWII all the European countries were so poor that they couldn’t keep their lands. -
Age of Napoleon
In 1799, the French war hero Napoleon is elected to be the first consul of France, the leader of France. Napoleon made many reforms which were brilliant. In 1805 he declared himself emperor of France. He was able to because he made the government strong again but it relied on him. He also encouraged nationalism (he created monuments and gave awards) to increase his army, he got the idea from the American revolution. Now he was conquering big parts of Europe with this increased military. -
Napoleon defeated
The French controlled more than half of Europe. People realized how much in common they had with each other, Germans with Germans and Italians with Italians. First they had been divided in different states. Because the French were so far stretched the European powers allied and defeated France. When they divided the land they didn’t make Germany and Italy nation states but instead divided them up, this caused later revolts. -
Nationalist revolts
Nationalists revolts spread through Europe. Most of them are stopped by the European Powers, but still the people feel passionate about their nation-states -
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Europe controls the world
Because of Imperialism Europe controlled the world, if not directly then definitely indirectly. By 1900 Europe controlled almost all of Africa, large parts of Asia (underwich the spheres of Influence of China, these trading ports were lost to the Europeans causing China to lose much control over their own country), and all of Oceania. In the America’s colonies had claimed independence but were still controlled by royals from Europe, others perished. This meant that Europe controlled the world. -
Industrial Revolution Spreads
The Industrial revolution spread very quick. A lot of cities weren’t made for so much new customers, so people had to live in small houses, and at that time there was not a lot of hygiene and stuff was just deposited on the streets. This caused to a lot of diseases. Another big change was that first people could choose themselves when they wanted to work but now they had to follow a strict schedule. -
Factory act
British passed the Factory Act. This was to help against child labour. The children were getting sick, injured and got very low wages. This was only one part of the big change of (worker) rights. Most people faced low wages, for this, a lot of companies reduced the amount of workers. Because the workers wanted changes, they formed unions. These are groups to let the workers achieve a common goal. If the companies didn’t want to negotiate, they went on strike. -
The Republic of Rome
Nationalists revolts become heavier. In Italy the pope is forced out of Rome, nationalists briefly create a new state, the Republic of Rome which made the nationalists a lot closer to reaching their goal to unite Italy, until the French intervene and make the pope leader again. -
Women rights and Education rights
Also education rights changed. By the early 1900s, free public education was established and children were required to go to school. Last but not least, women rights changed. In 1848 was the Seneca Falls Convention in New York. There women organised, and tried to gain equality. The equality and amount of these organisations grew steadily in the late 1800s -
Socialism
Workers lived in very poor conditions, and philosophers thought it had to be different, creating socialism. Under socialism, the workers owned the land etc, and instead of individual people. In those ways it was possible to achieve the ultimate socialistic goal, develop a world where everybody benefits. In 1848 socialism developed to be more radical, especially because of Karl Marx. -
Second Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial Revolution was fuelled by oil, the beginning of the revolution was marked by the first power generator by Faraday. This invention made it possible to make lights, phones and more. Tesla improved the invention later and by combining a generator and an engine they were able to make cars. Also inventions like the assembly line and mass produced steel shaped the second industrial revolution. The revolution was dominated by the USA and Germany -
Age of Bismarck
Otto von Bismarck becomes Prime minister of Prussia. He realized he needed to make some reforms to satisfy the people. He also created a plan to unify Germany. -
United Italy
In 1850 King Emmanuel Victor II comes to power in Sardinia. He makes it his cause to unify Italy. By 1860 he had already conquered the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. He then made a vote to unify North and South Italy. The voters approved and all of Italy except Rome came under the control of King Emmanuel. In 1870, the French troops withdrew from Rome. The nationalists revolts become so heavy that the new Italian government is force to take the city, uniting all of Italy. -
German Empire
The Prussian armies had already won much territory in Germany due to wars with Denmark and Austria. In 1870, France declared war on Prussia resulting into a terrible fail. Prussia and southern Germanic states quickly invaded France and even seized Paris. In 1871 many of the other Germanic states agreed to unite under the leadership of Prussia creating the German Empire. However not all German speaking lands were included in this new state. -
Communism
Some nations adopted communism, a very extreme version of socialism. In this system, the government owns all properties. Also they make all decisions making the government very powerful. The Soviet Union was one of the countries that used communism
