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1658 BCE
Mughal Empire →Aurangzeb imposes conservative Islamic regime
After peace between religions in previous reigns, Aurangzeb causes intolerance to the Sikh people under the Mughal Empire. Due to religious intolerance, this forced many people to have to convert to Islam, increasing the Muslim population -
1500
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Economic depression in the Chinese countryside
The economic depression along with recurring epidemics throughout China, kept Rural ppopulation growth in check. -
Period: 1500 to
Choson Dynasty → Factionalism breaks out and begins to be a violent and reoccurring problem
Even though the Korean king submitted to the Qing dynasty, officials became more self-interested and began to fight for more power. The rising of this problem in the Choson dynasty foreshadowed that recovery from the war would be slower since people of Korea were feuding against each other violently. -
Period: 1500 to 1502
Ottoman Empire → Ottomans fight the opening rounds of a two-century war with Venice
The most powerful commercial city-state of Italy was Venice. Since the Ottoman Empire wanted to expand further into eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, they chose to fight Venice. Even though the battle still left Venice in control of islands that produced wealth, it eventually resulted in Venice having less military power. Venice was urged to pay tribute to the Ottomans -
Period: 1500 to
Choson Dynasty →Korea continued to use Chinese characters despite already having its own
In 1443, Korea developed its own system of writing. However, as Korea stated to use printing more extensively, they mainly used Chinese characters for printing from the 15th century onwards. This usage of Chinese characters highlighted the importance that Chinese writing would have on other countries, such as Korea and Japan. -
Period: 1501 to 1509
Ottoman Empire → Ottomans support Egypt against Christian intruders
The Ottomans sent a huge fleet with 15,000 men in order to help Egypt against Christians. Even though they failed in this expedition, they still had control over the Red Sea and Persian Gulf (same result as “Ottomans send large expedition against the Portuguese”) -
Period: 1502 to 1524
Safavid Empire → Shah Ismail established Safavid rule in Iran
For the first time since its incorporation into the Islamic caliphate in the seventh century, Iran became a truly separate country, in which Iran saw differences between their neighbors and itself. -
Period: 1516 to 1517
Ottoman Empire → Selim I conquers Egypt and Syria
The Red Sea became the Ottomans' southern frontier, which encouraged the adding of territory south of the Arabian Desert by 1566. -
1517
Ming to Qing China→ Portuguese embassy to China
This event was the beginning of diplomatic contact between Europe and China and also the start of Catholic missionaries coming to China. The Ming rejected the Portugal embassy, yet Portugal still managed to trade with the East Indies. Through religion, China was introduced to science and technology. -
1520
Ottoman Empire → The Ottoman Empire becomes known the most powerful and organized state in either Europe or the Islamic World
The power and organization that the Ottomans possessed allowed them to have balanced military (made up of cavalry archers and Janissaries) and its own court language (Osmanli). -
Period: 1520 to 1566
Ottoman Empire → Reign of Suleiman the Magnificent; peak of Ottoman Empire
Suleiman the Magnificent was able to increase the Ottoman Empire's lands in the Balkans and Eastern Europe as he made the imperial system work perfectly. -
1521
Ottoman Empire → Suleiman the Magnificent conquers Belgrade
After the Ottomans conquered Belgrade, it became a significant military base. The conquering of Belgrade also led to conquest of the Kingdom of Hungary. -
1522
Ottoman Empire → Suleiman the Magnificent expelled the Knights of the Hospital of St. John from the islands of Rhodes
The Siege of Rhodes showed the incredible determination that the Ottoman Empire had while defeating the Knights of the Hospital of St. John. Tens of thousands of men of the Ottoman Empire had died in battle, yet Suleiman carried on with the siege and eventually offered a truce due to the low numbers of Knights left in the aftermath. -
Period: 1524 to 1576
Safavid Empire → Shah Tamasp I reign in the empire
This reign was a weak point in Iran, as a result of constant raid from Turkish men. This caused the emperor after him to cause many changed to Safavid rule, which lead to military strength and peace with the Ottomans. -
1526
Mughal Empire →Babur defeats last sultan of Delhi
This event marks the creation of one of the most notable states in India, which also connects to the remainder of Asia, especially central Asia since that is where Babur and his descendants viewed their actual origin. -
Period: 1526 to
Mughal Empire →Mughal state exercised dominion over most of India
This control on India impacts the world by marking the highest point of importance of a rule, which transformed Indian culture and the religions in the area. -
1529
Ottoman Empire → First Ottoman siege of Vienna
When Suleiman the Magnificent laid siege to Vienna, he marked the peak of Ottoman power and contributed to the "golden age of Ottoman greatness". The first Ottoman siege of Vienna showed that Suleiman was a powerful sultan. -
1538
Ottoman Empire → Ottomans send large expedition against the Portuguese
Since Egypt was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman Empire chose to send a large expedition against the Portuguese. The Portuguese were trying to monopolize trade as their power grew, resulting in the Portuguese punishing those that tried to avoid the monopolies. While the Ottomans weren’t successful in their expedition, they still held control of the Red Sea and Persian Gulf (same result as “Ottomans support Egypt against Christian intruders”) -
1543
Tokugawa Japan → First Portuguese contacts with Japan
After Portugal reaches Japan, Portugal and Japan became trade partners. Their commerce led to portuguese influence throughout Japan. -
Period: 1543 to
Tokugawa Japan →Tokugawa Ieyasu is the last of the three unifiers of Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu helped Japan flourish during the postwar era. He established the Tokugawa Shogunate, which led to the creation of a new administration capital at Edo (now Tokyo). -
Period: 1545 to 1574
Ottoman Empire → Ebu’s Su’ud is the Mufti of Istanbul
Ebu’s Su’ud served under Suleiman the Magnificent and Selim II as a Muslim expert and adviser with actions influenced by the Quran. The mufti could veto the sultan’s policies and since Ebu’s Su’ud often came up with answers that best suite the ruler who appointed him, he was able to have a large influence on Istanbul. -
1547
Russia→Japanese invasion of Korea Ivan IV adopts title of tsar
This marks the beginning to world-wide influences on Russia, since tsar is derived from a Roman title and was usually used for the Mongols. -
1552
Tokugawa Japan →Francis Xavier died trying to gain entry to China
Xavier caused mixed responses from the Jesuits and the Japanese, but this resulted in one daimyo handing the port city of Nagasaki to Jesuit missionaries and Japanese people becoming Christians. Some daiyo ordered their subjects to convert to Christianity too that created a rise of Japanese Christians in the early 17th century. -
Period: 1556 to
Mughal Empire →Akbar rules in Agra; peak of Mughal Empire
Akbar’s reign creates an enormous increase in wealth and power. His rule causes peace between major religions of this region, and even affects Islamic phrases and practices throughout the world and to this day. -
1565
Ottoman Empire → An expedition against Malta fails
Ottoman sea expansion occurred at a slower pace than land expansion. While their war technology that they used on land was advanced, it didn’t give them much of an advantage on water. When the Ottoman Empire failed, they weren’t able to control that part of the western Mediterranean. -
1569
Mughal Empire → Akbar has a son
When Akbar had a son, he insured that future rulers would have Muslim and Hindu ancestry -
1571
Ottoman Empire → Ottoman naval defeat at Lepanto
Christian forces earned a significant naval victory at the Battle of Lepanto, but the Ottoman Empire had plenty of resources and was able to replace the sunken ships. This event highlights the equipment that the Ottoman navy possessed. The loss of the Battle of Lepanto might have affected the usage of the Mediterranean Sea by the Ottoman Empire. -
1571
Russia →Japanese invasion of Korea The Crimean Tatars to the south were powerful enough to sack Moscow
This event proved the weakness of the Russian state before its peak in the 1700s. The Crimeans sacking Moscow influenced the already poor economic state of Russia and affects the world by turning Russia’s focus to other routes of expansion, exercising Russian control over other world states. -
1573
Mughal Empire →Dome shaped structures are introduced in the tomb of emperor Humayum
This event affects the world by introducing a new cultural characteristic to Muslim empires and Muslim structures. -
1580
Tokugawa Japan →More than 100,00 Japanese are Christians and one diamyo gives Jesuit missionaries the port city of Nagasaki
Since so many Japanese people became Christians, the Japanese elite that opposed Christianity most likely didn’t have too much influence on its citizens. In addition, when Jesuit missionaries were able to have Nagasaki, their influence on the people of Japan grew. The Jesuits could convert those who visited the port at Nagasaki and then those people would share their Christian beliefs to other ports they traveled to. -
1582
Russia →Japanese invasion of Korea Russians conquer the Khanate of Sibir
The conquering of this Khanate increased Russia’s political power and leads to expansion all the way into the northern region of the continent of North America. This was the extent to Russian influence in North America, but increased their over other states. This also connects Russia to Asia and influence on the continent. -
Period: to
Safavid Empire → Reign of Shah Abbas the Great; Peak of Safavid Empire
Had a large amount of economic, political, and trade growth. -
Safavid Empire→Japanese invasion of KoreaLate 16th century, Spread of Cheap Silver in Iran
Causes inflation and other economic problems, even military problems in Iran, leading to overland trade decline and decline of the empire. -
Tokugawa Japan →Japanese invasion of Korea
This resulted in an ill relationship between Japan and Korea that still goes on today. Japan was focused on China that they chose to invade against Korea, yet Korea and China had previous ties already which took Japan by surprise.The Japanese gained skills from the Koreans such the production of porcelain and steel making, pottery, and lacquer. -
Choson Dynasty →Korea suffered an invasion from Japan
This event is significant because, the Chinese troops helped repel invaders, however the country was in shambles/devastated. With this event brought the 1627 invasions of Northwestern Korean by the Manchu tribes of Manchuria, to which cultural assets were discontinued or lost, and power of the central government was weakened greatly. -
Period: to
Choson Dynasty → Hideyoshi’s Invasion/The Korean Campaign
This war (also known as the Imjin War) caused current tensions and bad feelings that currently are between Japan and Korea. Royal revenues in Korea fell by two-thirds, around 80% of the arable land was ruined, and 20% of the population was lost. Korea suffered financially because of the Imjin War. -
Choson Dynasty → Hideyoshi’s forces invade Korea and advance through the Korean peninsula
Even though the Chinese negotiated a peace with the Japanese in 1593, Hideyoshi wasn’t satisfied with the terms of the peace. His feelings towards the peace led him to invade Korea again. Many daimyo began to lose interest in defeating China because of this invasion; they became satisfied with securing a few provinces in Southern Korea instead. Since the daimyo lost determination, Hideyoshi grew exhausted with fighting the war and withdrew troops as he passed away. -
Safavid Empire → Isfahan becomes the capital of Iran as decreed by Shah Abbas I
More development in categories such as gender roles, and arts (compared to Istanbul) in the capital, and was more politically important. -
Period: to
Safavid Empire → Royal square is built in Isfahan
The area served as a large area for his army to play polo, along with a area overlooking the plaza to receive dignitaries and review his troops, which helped the country’s military and force in war/battle. -
Choson Dynasty →Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose to power
With Toyotomi Hideyoshi rising to power, he created upward social mobility in premodern Japanese history with his future commands and actions. -
Ottoman Empire → The Little Ice Age begins
With the arrival of the Little Ice Age comes the worsening of the Ottoman Empire's military state. More advanced weaponry had increased the cost and size of the Janissary fighting force. Consequently, revenues were redirected to the imperial treasury and inflation caused bankruptcy. Banditry occurred as well. -
Ottoman Empire →Tobacco became known
With the knowledge of tobacco surfacing, it created an economic good/staple that was traded throughout the world. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Galdan, a brilliant leader, restored Mongolia as a regional military power
When Mongolia was restored as a regional military power, this led to the agricultural people, the Manchus, who controlled the region north of Korea to gain more power in the northeast. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> the Manchus, an agricultural people who controlled the region north of Korea, grew stronger in the northeast
Due to the Manchus people gaining more power, this allowed the Rise of the Qing Empire. -
Russia→The Russian Empire was poor, backward, and landlocked.
Though Russia had not been powerful yet, their poor status had given them the chance to expand and turn into a great power in the world. -
Tokugawa Japan →Manufacturing and merchants amassed enormous family fortunes
Wealthy merchants weakened the Tokugawa policy of controlling commerce. They had their origins by brewing sake then went into manufacturing, finance, and transportation. By the end of 1700s the merchant families held the key to future modernization and the development of heavy industry reflected in modern day society such as cars like Honda and Toyata being produced here. -
Tokugawa Japan →Manufacturing and merchants amassed enormous family fortunes
Wealthy merchants weakened the Tokugawa policy of controlling commerce. They had their origins by brewing sake then went into manufacturing, finance, and transportation. By the end of 1700s the merchant families held the key to future modernization and the development of heavy industry reflected in modern day society such as cars like Honda and Toyata being produced here. -
Ming to Qing China→Matteo Rici allowed to reside in Beijing
Rici became a significant figure in being the pillar to bring China and Europe together. He allowed for the exchange of culture between the two countries occur and his leadership as a western scholar allowed him to reside in Beijing. He also contributed to astronomy and the creation of the official calendar. -
Tokugawa Japan →Tokugawa shogunate formed
Under Tokugawa, trade promoted the development of the Japanese economy and the formation of trading centers that makes Kyotoa an Tokyo a world wide trading center even to this day; he also gave Japan more political unity. -
Choson Dynasty → Diplomatic relations with Japan
This event occurred in the Choson court, in which both governments decided to establish political and cultural exchanges. This resulted in both cultures sharing ideas, while affecting the world by creating a short period of peace between the two nation. -
Ottoman Empire →End of Anatolian revolts
An increase in cheap silver from the New World resulted in inflation and bankruptcy. Since landholders no longer had their land and men of the cavalry were displaced, riots occurred. -
Period: to
Russia →Rule of Mikhail, the first Romanov tsar
This rule would “consolidate its own authority while successfully competing with neighboring powers,” (page 541) which affected the world by causing periods of warfare among Russia and other groups in Europe. -
Tokugawa Japan →Banned Christianity
Its adherents were under suspicion that lead missionaries to leave Japan seeing that tension rose between the religion and the government whereas others worked underground. -
Tokugawa Japan →Government persecutions on Christians
Christianity needed to be kept from resurfacing to the point where the Christian community in Japan was almost entirely destroyed due to suspicion about the Europeans’ intention. -
Safavid Empire → Mughal artist Abu al-Hasan creates a painting in which Mughal Emperor Jahangir embracing the Safavid Shah Abbas
Shows acute geographical ideas spread into the Muslim world -
1627-Choson Dynasty →The invasion of northwestern Korea by the Manchu tribes of Manchuria, who were attempting to protect their rear in preparation for their invasion of China.
With this event, many cultural assets were lost, and the power of the central government was severely weakened. -
Safavid Empire → Shah Abbas’s death
This causes overland trade through the Empire to decline, isolating Iran from world trade. -
Mughal Empire → The Taj Mahal was built
This building was constructed as a tomb for a wife of Shah Jahan, an emperor of this empire. This building affected the world by being one of the most important pieces of culture in India and a well known structure throughout the world. -
Period: to
Tokugawa Japan →Japanese edicts close trade with Euro
The Japanese wanted to keep Christianity from resurfacing, so decrees and punishments were made to develop fear in people. People had to hide their religion and trade with Japan become supervised more closely such as restricting the number of Chinese ships that they were allowed to trade with. -
Period: to
Choson Dynasty → Recovery after the Imjin War was hindered by Manchu invasions that lasted until now
This event caused factioning within officials of Choson Korea. This event affects the world by Choson Korea being the “longest lasting state in East-Asian history,” (559) as this was a challenge for the state. -
Ottoman Empire → The Tulip Period peaks
Rare tulip bulbs were set at the price of 2,500 florins a piece. They went for the equivalent of 22 oxen. European items were therefore accepted and pursued by Ottoman ruling circles. -
Period: to
Russia → Russian settlers began to grow grain in the Amur River Valley east of Mongolia, where they came into contact with Chinese authorities
This contact had given Russia contact with new people in their search for a new route for expansion, affecting the world by having introduced Russia to new land to exert control. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Qing conquest of Beijing
After all of the Ming territories were conquered the Manchu family headed the Qing empire and had millitary power. -
Period: to
Ming to Qing Empire ---> The Little Ice Age Affects China
The Little Ice Age resulted in agricultural distress and famine. This lead to uprisings and the fall of the Ming Empire. -
Russia, The subordination of serfs complete
By changing this status among Russian people, this offset the division of social status in comparison to landowners. -
Period: to
Mughal Empire →Aurangzeb imposes conservative Islamic regime
After peace between religions in previous reigns, Aurangzeb causes intolerance to the Sikh people under the Mughal Empire. Due to religious intolerance, this forced many people to have to convert to Islam, increasing the Muslim population. -
Period: to
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Rule of Emperor Kangxi
The rule of Emperor Kangxi led the Qing empire to have the greatest expansion of the Qing empire which allowed them to have more power. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Qing Forces Attacked Wooden Russian Forts
The Qing empire attacked due to being rivals for control of territory. However, this eventually lead to an alliance between the Qing and Russian. -
Ottoman Empire → A siege of Vienna fails
As the second siege of Vienna failed, the Austrians and Russians noticed the obvious signs of a weaker Ottoman Empire. Military power declined as Janissaries and sultans began to lack training. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> treaty of Nerchinsk with Russia
The treaty allowed a border along the Amur river and regulate trade across the border. -
Russia, Rule of Peter the Great
This rule was known as the greatest Romanov rule. As a result of his rule, Russia had been introduced new weapons from other parts of Europe and Russia had become able to develop a small, yet powerful navy, connecting Russia with the Ottoman Empire and western Europe. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Kangxi ordered creation of a portrait detailing intelligence
This portrait detailed the great intellect that the emperor had. The emperor was described has a refined scholar with great curiosity, this allowed him to lead Qing to success. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Qing control of Inner Mongolia
After the Mongolian frontier was settled, the Qing empire had more land and more power. -
Period: to
Russia →Peter the Great integrates Western ideas in Russia
After Peter the Great’s Black Sea campaign, he travels in disguise across Europe to discover how western European societies were becoming so powerful and wealthy. This changes the dispersion of Western and Eastern ideas. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> British traders dominated trade in Canton
China allowed other empire to succeed due to China’s gigantic markets and advanced technologies. -
Tokugawa Japan →Population growth put a strain on the well-developed lands of central Japan
The strain on well-developed lands resulted in slower economic growth. On the other hand, the rate of economic growth was greater in remote provinces where agricultural expansion was encouraged. -
Period: to
Russia →Peter’s modernized armies broke Swedish control of the Baltic Sea
This made possible of more direct contacts between Russia and Europe. -
Period: to
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Chinese emperors persecuted Christians
Due to foreign interaction through trade, many Europeans traveled to China while spreading Christianity. The emperor was against Christian converts and persecuted the christians in order to have one religion. -
Ming to Qing China→Jesuit presence declined
Kangxi ordered the expulsion of all missionaries who refused to sign the a certificate accepting his position. This meant people didn’t have a choice about whether or not they could agree with Kangxi’s position or else they’d have to face the punishment of being expelled. Therefore, many Jesuits could’ve left the country or had been automatically expelled by Kangxi which explains a small population of Jesuits in China. -
Period: to
Tokugawa Japan →The Forty-Seven Ronin avenge their leader
The leader of the Forty-Seven Ronin was avenged when the Forty-Seven Ronin killed a government official (who had killed their lord) instead of committing suicide. There was also a legal debate that occurred because of this since denying the actions of the ronin would deny samurai values, yet approving the act would spark social chaos by disregarding laws against murder. This event showed the importance of honor, persistence, and loyalty in Japanese culture. -
Russia: St. Petersburg becomes Russia’s capital.
This change for Russia causes Russia to demonstrate their sophistication from discoveries made in style of Western Europe. The capital also affects the world by increasing Russian communication with other European powers and states. -
Russia→, Peter the Great’s forces lost the port of Azov
This loss forced Russia the cease southern expansion, affecting the world by preventing over-expansion. -
Russia →A decree proclaimed about the tsar
Peter reduced the traditional roles of boyars in the government and the army, brought the Russian Orthodox Church more firmly under state control, built factories and foundaries to supply for the military, increased taxes, and imposed more forced labor on serfs -
Period: to
Ottoman Empire → Tulip Period
A craze for high-priced tulip bulbs that swept the Ottoman ruling circles. The craze echoed a Dutch tulip mania that had begun mid-sixteenth century when the flower was introduced into Holland from Istanbul. -
Russia →Peter’s modernized armies broke Swedish control of the Baltic Sea.
This made possible of more direct contacts between Russia and Europe and made European powers recognize Russia a major power. -
Safavid Empire → Afghan invaders topple last Safavid Shah
The government had become so weak and commended so little support from the nomadic groups that an army of marauding Afghans was able to capture Isfahan and effectively end Safavid. -
Period: to
Choson Dynasty →The long reign of King Yongjo
This reign had caused the recovery of Choson Korea after the previous invasions by Japan and Manchuria. This affected the world by resulting in a new economy contributing to the world economy. -
Russia →Peter the Great’s reign ended.
Under Peter the Great, Russia became known as it was under authoritarian rule, reflecting Muslim empires. This ending of the rule marked the end to the peak of the Russian Empire. -
Mughal Empire→ Nizam Al-Mulk gives up on the central government
In this event, Al-Mulk establishes a state in eastern Deccan. This event is evidence of the decline of Mughal powers, affecting the world by giving more groups power to establish independence and giving European more power to intrude. -
Ottoman Empire →Janissary revolt begins period of Ottoman conservatism
Gala soirees that had religious aspects influenced the beginning of conservative Janissary revolts. These revolts were led by Patrona Halil. Without these riots, Patrona Halil wouldn’t have controlled the government -
Period: to
Ming to Qing Empire ---> Rule of Emperor Qianlong
The reign of Emperor Qianlong saw economic, military, and cultural achievement in China. -
Period: to
Safavid Empire→ Nadir Shah Temporarily Reunites Iran
This creates a spread of having naval power in Iran, though the navy was uneffective and did not prevent the fall of the empire. It also suggests that the Safavid empire had some sort of interaction with the European powers. -
Safavid Empire → Nadir Shah invaded India
Shah’s army had easily defeated the Mughals, in which would take over the Mughal capital in the aftermath of the battle. -
Mughal Empire, Iranians under Nadir Shah sack Delhi
This event is the climax to Mughal rule. This affected their entire influence on India and movement of the empire further west. -
Mughal Empire, Joseph Francois Dupleix begins a phase of European intrusion of India
After taking hold of the presidency, he captures English trading centers and uses Indian princes to exert his power. This affects the world by furtherly connecting Europe with Asia in politics, rather than simply trade and the sea economy. -
Ottoman Empire → Muslim merchants are charged more than European traders because of agreements with the Ottoman Empire
Capitulations (trade agreements) led to European domination of Ottoman seaborne trade. For example, Muslim merchants trading in the Yemeni port of Mocha were charged 15 percent in duties and fees. However, European traders paid a little more than three percent because of its long-standing trade agreements with the Ottoman Empire. -
Ming to Qing China→Poems written by Emperor Qianlong were translated into French
Chinese political philosophy impressed the Europeans which lead to the translation of writings that contributed to culture exchange. Europeans' admiration with China continued with one person in particular, Voltaire, viewed the Chinese to have rulership due to the fact that the Chinese didn't want to aristocratic privilege to grow. This made the Europeans want to know and want more from China to then develop great diplomatic relationship. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> China had twice the population of all of Europe with estimated 350 million people
Due to high populations, demand for building materials and wood increased, this lead to deforestation and other environmental problems that lead to limited commerce with other empires. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> China has trade deficit with the Britain.
China limits trade with Europe in order to maintain control over trade in the area. -
Mughal Empire →The rule was reduced to land surrounding Delhi
This land had only been a small area, reflecting the decline of this once powerful empire. This affected the world by having given Britain more power to invade and control the area, thus connecting south Asia to Europe. -
Ming to Qing Empire ---> the British government dispatched Lord George Macartney, a well-connected peer with practical experience in Russia and India
China refused to alter the Canton trading system and refused to give Britain more power in trade. -
Choson Korea → Construction of Suwon Castle
This construction is complete two years later and had reflected Chinese and Korean constructions and intellectual advancements. This castle was known as a cultural symbol to one the highest points of Korea’s power, affecting the cultures of the world which had inspired buildings from this construction technique. -
Russia →The end of Catherine the Great’s rule; Russia encompassed all of northern and northeastern Eurasia
This affects the world by making Russia have power in and over two different continents.