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A period of time where the British and the French fought the unwilling China for trading rights.
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Frenchman Jean J. Lenoir builds the first commercially successful gas-burning engine.
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In early 1861 a national parliament convened and proclaimed the Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king.
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The Suez Canal was established in Egypt, and became the first canal that directly linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
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Romania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire after the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78 in which Romania fought with Russia.
