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Period: 10,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE
Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
First known hominids were in nomadic groups of 10-20. Cave paintings, tools from stone and bone, fire. -
Period: 10,000 BCE to 7000 BCE
Mesolithic Era (Middle Stone Age)
Neolithic Revolution occurred - domestication of plants and harvesting. Nomadic groups settled into villages. Social system, crafts, pottery, and trade. -
Period: 6000 BCE to 3000 BCE
Beginnings of Recorded History
inventions include the plow and wheel
harnessing the wind
smelting copper ores
accurate solar calendars
more villages and cities
(4000-3000 BCE) - writing development more complex villages and towns -
Period: 5000 BCE to 2685 BCE
Egypt
Archaic period
papyrus
pyramids
mummification
medical advances -
Period: 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE
Mesopotamia
civilization Sumer - City of Ur
Loose confederation of city-states
Cuneiform (wedge-shaped) writing -
3200 BCE
Menes or Narmer unified upper and lower Egypt
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2650 BCE
Capital of Egypt moved to Memphis during Third Dynasty
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Period: 2613 BCE to 2494 BCE
Pyramids built suring the Fourth Dynasty
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Period: 1700 BCE to 1200 BCE
Hebrew enslavement in Egypt
Hebrew fled enslavement under Moses, return to Palestine -
Period: 1085 BCE to 30 BCE
Transfer of control of Egypt
Assyrians to Persians to Alexander the Great to the Roman Empire -
Period: 800 BCE to 500 BCE
Greece - Archaic Period
oligarchs - small combined groups of rulers controlled most of the polis (city-state) until the end of the sixth century - replaced by the democratic government. -
Period: 800 BCE to 500 BCE
Greek tribes colonized southern Italy
Greek alphabet and religious practices to Roman tribes
Etruscans (Sixth & seventh century BCE) expanded southward and conquered Rome
During the Early Republic, Patricians (wealthy landowners) were in power. -
753 BCE
Rome founded
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Period: 586 BCE to 539 BCE
Judah and the Babylonian Captivity
King David defeated the Philistine and est. Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine. Juda continued until 586 BCE, Chaldeans transported Jews to Chaldea as advisors and slaves. Persians conquered Babylon in 539 BCE and allowed Jews to return to Palestine. -
Period: 560 BCE to 479 BCE
Persian Wars
led to Athens' political and culture dominance and led to the war with Sparta. -
500 BCE
Greece Classical Age
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Period: 470 BCE to 399 BCE
Socrates
Developed a process of questioning or dialogues, obtaining knowledge and making ethical decisions. -
Period: 428 BCE to 322 BCE
Plato & Aristotle
Plato (ca. 428-348 BCE)
Aristotle (ca. 384-322 BCE)
emphasized the importance of ethics and political decision-making.
- to understand any object, it is necessary to examine four factors: matter, form, cause or origin, and is end or purpose. -
358 BCE
Mesopotamia absorbed into other empires and dynasties
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Period: 106 BCE to 48 BCE
Pompey
Along with Caesar considered most powerful during 70s & 60s BCE. -
Period: 100 BCE to 44 BCE
Julius Caesar
Along with Pompey, considered most powerful in 70s & 60s BCE -
60 BCE
First Triumvirate
Caesar convinced Pompey and Crassus to form the first triumvirate; a group of three men holding power, in particular (the First Triumvirate) the unofficial coalition of Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus in 60 bc and (the Second Triumvirate) a coalition formed by Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian in 43 bc. -
47 BCE
Senate declares Caesar dictator and consul for life
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44 BCE
The Ides of March
Brutus and Cassius believed that Caesar had destroyed the republic. They conspired and assassinated him in the Roman forum. Octavian (nephew to Caesar) succeeded. -
Period: 27 BCE to 14 BCE
Octavians Reign
At the start of his reign he offered to relinquish his power. The Senate instead gave him the title of Augustus. He reigned with absolute power while appearing as a republic. He initiated reforms, new coinage, new tax collection, fire and police protection, and land for settlers in the provinces.