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Papal power reached its peak in the pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216
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Philips of France represents one of the more dramatic clashes between the forces of church and state. Popal political influnecce reched its in the reign of innocent.
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Born Benedetto Gætani, in 1235 at Anagni
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When Philip's natural mother died, his father, Philip III took Marie de Brabant as his second wife (1274)
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Philip IV, the Fair, became heir to the French throne with the death of his elder brother, Louis, in 1276.
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Philip III died in 1285 while retreating from a reluctantly joined “crusade” against Peter III of Aragon, who had seized the papal territory of Sicily
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Edward expelled the Jews from England and confiscated their property in 1290 and Philip began to follow suit in 1292
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The death of Nicholas IV in 1292 found the College heavily influenced by the Roman Colonna and Orsini families
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crowned pope on 23 January 1295
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Boniface VIII reigned as pope from late 1294 until October 1303.