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Self Strengthening movement
They decided to Strengthen the nation by keep the Qing Rule and maintaining Traditional values while trying to modernize in the industrial and military fields. They successfully developed the enterprises funded by private companies and it helped create large projects like Railroads and telegraph lines and stations. Military developments were not controlled and caused warlords to rise and take over the military -
Treaty of Nanjing
Treaty that ended the first opium war. The first of many unequal treaties between China and other foreign countries. China paid Britain, and got Hong Kong. This allowed British merchants to trade at 5 "treaty ports" and with whomever they please. The treaty agreed to establish a fair and reasonable tariff. This treaty was supplemented in 1843 by the british supplementary treaty of bogue. -
Taiping Rebellion
A revolt against the Qing dynasty in China, fought over regional economic conditions and lasting from 1850-1864. Taiping forces were run as a cult-like group called the God Worshiping society by Hong Xiuquan. It resulted in rebels seizing the city of Nanjing. The Taiping rebellion eventually failed, but not before it claimed the lives of over 20 million people. -
Opium Wars
A series of two armed conflict. The first was the British versus the Chinese, with the second the French joined on the side of the British. The war spouted from the Chinese trying to suppress Opium trade which the British had be importing illegally. Hostilities increased when some drunken British sailors killed a Chinese Villager but the British government refused to turn the sailors over to Chinese officials. (Source) [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Opium-Wars] -
First Sino-Japanese War
A conflict fought between Qing China and Japan. Regional dominance shifted from China to Japan. The war heavily showed that the Qing failed to modernize their military. The prestige of China took a major blow. Ending with a Japanese victory they gained the Korean peninsula. Source -
Spheres Of Influence/ Open Door Policy
Any country could access china ports. Any country could access any port for free. This was established because The united states didn't want any other country colonizing china. China was separated into different spheres for different external powers. Any power could go in for free with its sphere. A power with no sphere had to pay taxes on harbor or railroad access -
Boxer Rebellion
A movement in China whose aim was to destroy the dynasty. Another goal was to kill or to kick out the westerners who had privileged positions. The movement also targeted Christians even if they were Chinese. They practiced rituals that they believed would make them invincible. They believed it so heavily that even their enemies believed they were invincible to gunfire. Source -
Chinese revolution of 1991
A group of revolutionaries revolted against the Quing dynasty. Imperialism ended by those revolutionaries and established its place in the republic of china. They got rid of the democracy and this was the last dynasty China had. (https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/chinese-rev)
