European History

By Simon1111
  • Period: 753 BCE to 509 BCE

    Roman Monarchy (!)

  • 594 BCE

    Greece: Reforms of Solon

    Solon was elected sole archon for one year with an exceptional authorisation to draw up new laws; he made socio-economic and political reforms.
  • Period: 546 BCE to 510 BCE

    Greece: Tyrrany of the Peisistratids

  • 527 BCE

    Greece: Death of Peisistratus

    was succeeded by his sons
    Hippias and Hipparchus.
  • 514 BCE

    Greece: Plot to kill Hippias and Hipparchus

    Hipparchus was murdered.
  • 510 BCE

    Greece: Hippia's exile

    Hippias was driven into exile with the help of
    Sparta. End of the Peisistratids' tyrrany.
  • Period: 509 BCE to 27 BCE

    Roman Republic (!)

  • Period: 499 BCE to 494 BCE

    Greece: The Ionian Revolt

    Rebellion of Greek (Ionian) cities in Asia Minor against Persian rule. Athens and Eretria support the revolt.
    The Ionian Revolt ended in the Battle of Lade in 494 BC with a Persian victory.
  • 490 BCE

    Greece: 1st invasion of Greece under Darius I

    Goal: Punitive raid against Eretria and Athens. Opportunity to expand the empire westwards. Expedition across the Aegean Sea (control over a number of islands, such as Naxos, Delos and Eretria).
    Ended in the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC, won by the Greeks.
  • 480 BCE

    Greece: Battle of Salamis

    Persian fleet defeated, preventing the conquest of the Peloponnesus.
  • 480 BCE

    Greece: 2nd invasion of Greece under Xerxes

    Persian expedition over land and sea. The Greeks placed a land force at the mountain pass of Thermopylae and their fleet at Artemisium. Preventive measure: The population of Attica was evacuated to the island of Salamis, near Athens. Preparations
     Athenian statesman Themistocles advocated a strong Athenian fleet (fortification of the harbor and 200 triremes).
     Greek coalition between Athens and the Peloponnesian League under command at land and sea of Sparta (king Leonidas).
  • 477 BCE

    Greece: Foundation of the Delian League

    Military alliance of Greek poleis around the Aegean Sea against
    the Persians under the leadership of Athens. Naval Leauge.
    The members paid a contribution (phoros):
     Either ships and crews to row them or money
     League treasury (Delos) and Athenian treasurer
    Synod of the league: every member had one vote.
  • Period: 431 BCE to 404 BCE

    Greece: The Peloponnesian War

  • 429 BCE

    Greece: Death of Pericles

  • Period: 415 BCE to 413 BCE

    Greece: The Sicilian Expedition

  • Period: 264 BCE to 241 BCE

    Rome: First Punic War

  • Period: 218 BCE to 202 BCE

    Rome: Second Punic War

  • Period: 157 BCE to 86 BCE

    Rome: Life of Gaius Marius

  • Period: 149 BCE to 146 BCE

    Rome: Third Punic War

  • Period: 133 BCE to 27 BCE

    Rome: The Age of Revolution

  • Period: 111 BCE to 105 BCE

    Rome: Jugurthine War

  • Period: 107 BCE to 86 BCE

    Rome: Marius' Consulships

  • Period: 100 BCE to 44 BCE

    Rome: Life of Gaius Julius Caesar

  • 83 BCE

    Rome: First Mithridatic War under Sulla & Sulla's return to Rome

  • 82 BCE

    Rome: End of Civil War - Marius vs Sulla

    Sulla won.
  • Period: 82 BCE to 79 BCE

    Rome: Sulla dictator for life

  • Period: 60 BCE to 53 BCE

    Rome: First Triumvirate

  • Period: 49 BCE to 45 BCE

    Rome: Civil War - Caesar vs Pompey

  • 46 BCE

    Rome: Caesar dictator for life

    46 BC: Senate appointed Caesar (again) dictator (for 10 years,
    in 44 BC for life).
  • 44 BCE

    Rome: Caesar's assassination

    des of March, 44 BC: Caesar assassinated in the Senate by a
    senatorial conspiracy, led by Cassius and Brutus
  • Period: 43 BCE to 33 BCE

    Rome: Second Triumvirate

    Coup by three military commanders in 43 BC
     Octavian
     Mark Antony
     Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Triumvirs held a virtually unlimited power ‘to restore the republic’ (‘triumviri rei publicae constituendae’) for five years; would be renewed for another five years.
  • 42 BCE

    Rome: Campaign against Cassius and Brutus

    Military campaign against Cassius and Brutus, resulting in the
    Battle of Philippi (Macedonia) in 42 BC
  • 34 BCE

    Rome: Donations of Alexandria

  • 27 BCE

    Rome: Octavian = Augustus

    The Senate granted Octavian the title of Augustus, the
    Venerable.
  • Period: 27 BCE to 284

    Roman Empire: Principate (!)

    Political system that was a republic in form, but a
    monarchy as far as executive power was concerned.
  • Period: 284 to 476

    Roman Empire: Dominate (!)

  • 395

    Rome: Permanent division of the Empire

    The permanent division of the Roman Empire after the death of emperor Theodosius I (395 AD) into:
     Eastern Roman Empire (Constantinople)
     Western Roman Empire (Rome)