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Montesquieu was a philosophe who believed in separation of powers. In On the Spirit of Laws, he wrote about wanting a constitutional system of government and the separation of powers, the ending of slavery, and saving civil rights.
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After fleeing England, the colonists revolted, won the war, created the Declaration of Independence, and became its own country.
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Debt and governmental issues were taking over France. After the death of king, Louis XVI, and queen, Marie Antoinette, Robespierre took control, the Reign of Terror began, Robespierre was executed, the Terror ended, the Directory came into play and Bonaparte took over thus ending the Revolution.
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After Napoleon returned from his war in Egypt, he started his coup. He drove out lawmakers of the Directory and established a group of three consuls but became dictator shortly after.
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After crowning himself emperor of France, he attached many nations like the Austrian Netherlands and Italy to France and set up a puppet government in Switzerland.
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Haiti set up a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which finished with the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Haitian republic.
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Independence from Spain was declared by priest Miguel Hidalgo in the small town of Dolores after the army, formed by Hidalgo, went to war with the Spanish.
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The British army and Prussian army arrived and attacked the French in Waterloo, Belgium. Napoleon's army gave way and ended his last bid for power. British shipped Napoleon to an island in the South Atlantic. He lived in exile for 6 years and died in 1821.