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In 1712, Thomas Newcomen made the first steam engine that was used to pump water out of a mine. Although it was not very efficient and required lots of energy, 2000 of those engines were put into use. It would be further developed and made more efficient later.
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The Spinning Jenny is an improved spinning frame that was invented by James Hargreaves. It is one of the most important inventions created during this time period as it sped up textile creation.
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Although small factories and mills have been around since 1721, the first modern factory was opened by Richard Arkwright in 1771. The factory was situated upon a river and used his own "spinning frame" to spin silk. At 1785, the number of people working in Arkwright's factories reached 30000 people.
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The estates-general was an assembly which contained three groups of people: the nobles, clergy and the peasants. On one fateful day there was a debate on taxes, which then led to the French revolution.
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On August 26, 1789, The Declaration of Rights of Man was approved by the National Assembly, marking the start of the French Revolution.This gave the French public courage to speak up against the king.
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The Reign of Terror was a period of violence and mass-executions during the French Revolution. During the one year long period, the government ordered the arrest of thousands of people and had them publicly executed. Although its purpose was to originally stop any threats from interfering the Revolution, it ended up demonstrating the heights of violence.
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Napoleon made many reforms of the law after he rose to power, such as reforming the education system and the economic system. He restarted primary schools and created elite schools called "lycees". He also created the European luxury industry and increased trade.
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Britain saw an increasing amount of factories and mills during the Industrial Revolution. Immigrants and workers went to the factories for work, and the factory act of 1833 made sure children were not allowed to be overworked and children under 9 couldn't work.
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Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte rises up to power, which leads to reforms within the country. National Workshops were built to lessen unemployed people and universal male suffrage was also implemented.
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France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian war. the southern German nations sided with Prussia due to the conditions that led to the war. Germany was united because of this and it had a huge impact to the rest of Europe as it dealt a blow to liberalism. It also changed the balance of power and caused hate towards Germany because of how it was united.