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Revocation of Edict of Nantes
The edict upheld Protestants in freedom of conscience and permitted them to hold public worship in many parts of the kingdom, though not in Paris. On October 18, 1685, Louis XIV formally revoked the Edict of Nantes and deprived the French Protestants of all religious and civil liberties. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes also further damaged the perception of Louis XIV abroad, making the Protestant nations bordering France even more hostile to his regime. -
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Industrial Revolution Years
The Industrial Revolution, now also known as the First Industrial Revolution, was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. The Industrial Revolution also led to an unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth. -
Watt Patents Steam Engine
The first working steam engine had been patented in 1698 and by the time of Watt's birth, Newcomen engines were pumping water from mines all over the country. In around 1764, Watt was given a model Newcomen engine to repair. By separating the condenser and the main cylinder, Watt was able to create an engine that was vastly more efficient. Watt's new engine used a valve to allow the hot steam that had been used through to the condenser. -
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was held from September of 1814 to June of 1815. After the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte, this international conference was called to create a balance among the European powers in such a way so as to prevent future wars and maintain peace and stability on the European continent. -
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Reign of Louis XVIII
Louis XVIII, the desired king of France from April 1814 to March 1815 and again from July 1815 to September 1824. He ascended the throne in the Bourbon Restoration of the monarchy after the overthrow of Napoleon I and ruled a constitutional monarchy. -
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon rose through the ranks of the French army during the French Revolution, seized control of the French government in 1799 and became emperor in 1804. The Battle of Waterloo, in which Napoleon's forces were defeated by the British and Prussians, marked the end of his reign and of France's domination in Europe. -
Karlsbad Decrees
The Karlsbad Decrees were a series of measures adopted by the German Confederation in 1819 that established severe limitations on academic and press freedoms and set up a federal commission to investigate all signs of political unrest in the German states. -
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Reign of Charles X
The revolution of July 1830 created a constitutional monarchy. On August 2, Charles X and his son the Dauphin abdicated their rights to the throne and departed for Great Britain. Liberty Leading the People A painting by Eugène Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, which toppled King Charles X of France. -
Stephenson’s Rocket
Stephenson's Rocket was an early steam locomotive of the 0-2-2 wheel arrangement. It was built for and won, the Rainhill Trials held by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1829 to choose the best design to power the railway. Stephenson's Rocket became the winner of the Rainhill Trails and the only steam locomotive to complete the competition. -
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Reign of Louis Phillippe
Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after his cousin Charles X was forced to abdicate by the July Revolution. The reign of Louis Philippe is known as the July Monarchy and was dominated by wealthy industrialists and bankers. -
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France invades Algeria
The Invasion of Algiers in 1830 was a large-scale military operation by which the Kingdom of France, ruled by Charles X, invaded and conquered the Ottoman Regency of Algiers. The French quickly defeated the troops of Hussein Dey, the Ottoman ruler, but native resistance was widespread. -
British Reform Bill
In 1832, Parliament passed a law changing the British electoral system. It was known as the Great Reform Act. This was a response to many years of people criticizing the electoral system as unfair. For example, there were constituencies with only a handful of voters that elected two MPs to Parliament. -
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Great Famine Ireland
The crop failures were caused by late blight, a disease that destroys both the leaves and the edible roots, or tubers, of the potato plant. The causative agent of late blight is the water mold Phytophthora infestans. The Irish famine was the worst to occur in Europe in the 19th century. During the famine, about one million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%. -
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Great Exhibition in London
The Great Exhibition, also known as the Crystal Palace Exhibition, was an international exhibition held in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 May to 15 October 1851 and the first in a series of World's Fair exhibitions of culture and industry that were to be a popular 19th century feature. -
Cholera Outbreak London
The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street in the Soho district of the City of Westminster, London, England, and occurred during the 1846–1860 cholera pandemic happening worldwide. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims and came to be known as "King Cholera" -
Darwin’s Origin of Species
Darwin's theory consisted of two main points; 1) diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common ancestors; 2) the mechanism by which this evolution takes place is natural selection. This SparkNote will first take a look at Origin of the Species, and then more closely examine Darwin's theories. This book was banned because it completely contravened the Christian religion of the time, and was thought of as blasphemy.
