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DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES
During the XVIII and XIX centuries, Britain experienced an unprecedented demographic growth. In 1700 it had just over 5 million inhabitants, almost 9 million in 1800, 18 million in 1851 and 37 million in 1900. The dramatic increase in the population was due to the continued high birth rate above 30 % and the continued decline in the mortality rate (27% in 1800, 18% in 1900). This is what the other graphs call the process of demographic transition. -
Agrarian revolution
The agrarian transformations that took place in Britain during the 18th century, laid the foundations that led to the subsequent industrial growth. https://youtu.be/pIJSisZ23p4 -
ROW PLANTER
The incorporation of new farming techniques increased agricultural productivity. Thus, the agronomist Jethro Tull created in 1701 a row planter, which saved time and seed, while optimizing the growth and harvesting of cereal. This together with the first mechanical threshers, achieved more working capacity with less labor -
NORFOLK SYSTEM
Among the cultivation systems, the progressive implementation of the Norfolk system was highlighted, which consisted of combining the planting of cereals with leguminous forages, which provided nitrogen to the soil. Rotation increased productivity thanks to the removal of fallow land. As a result, there was a marked increase in the productivity of the agricultural sector. https://youtu.be/Hr8Pz6i4KCU -
FLYING SHUTTLE
The cotton textile industry was the most important sector of British industrialization. There were technological innovations in spinning and weaving. For example, in 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, a loom that allowed larger pieces to be woven in less time. https://youtu.be/boHDMeUYrPo -
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INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION-> the pioneering sectors
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The origins of industrialization
The industrial revolution began in England in the mid-18th century although the main changes did not come until the mid-19th century.
The main economic activity in Europe was subsistence farming and very limited artisanal production, however, small changes began to take place in some areas of Europe such as the domestic system and the putting out system. -
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FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Industrial Revolution was a process of profound economic and social transformations that decisively changed the history of humanity. It began in England in the second half of the 18th century and continued in the following decades in Western European countries. https://youtu.be/xLhNP0qp38Q -
SPINNING JENNY
It increased the demand for yarn and in 1764, James Hargreaves devised the spinning Jenny, a spinning machine that multiplied the layer of the old hand spinning wheels. https://youtu.be/YJonx3fa2cg -
SPINNING PROCESS IMPROVEMENT
The spinning process was improved with the water frame by Richard Arkwright (1769), powered by hydraulic power, and the Jenny mule by Samuel Crompton (1779). In response, the weaving process took a qualitative leap. Cartwright patented the mechanical loom in 1785. https://youtu.be/AloWMoc-3WU -
THE STEAM ENGINE
James Watt stepped on the accelerator of the Industrial Revolution. With all the improvements he invented for the steam engine he managed to turn it into a much more profitable and powerful worker than men and horses, whom he replaced in brute force tasks. First it was in the mine and then the revolution spread to the factories and the transports: in the final stretch of the eighteenth century the appearance of the European cities began to change completely. https://youtu.be/fsXpaPSVasQ -
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INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION-> transports
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE STEEL INDUSTRY
The steam engine already existed. In the mines, pumps were already being used to use the steam produced by coal combustion to extract water from the galleries. The demand for iron and coal from the textile industry encouraged the development of the steel industry. The iron production process improved with the spread of blast furnaces and coking coal, which would quickly replace charcoal. Coke production generated coal gas, used in industrial lighting, and other chemical derivatives. -
STEAMSHIP
In 1807, the steamship devised by Robert Fulton toured the Hudson River. For decades, sailing ships coexisted with steam ships. At the end of the 19th century, the paddle-wheel boats were replaced by the propeller ones, much more powerful and better prepared for transatlantic crossings. In the following decades the tonnage and speed of the ships increased, and began the manufacture of iron and steel hulls, cornering the last wooden sailboats. https://youtu.be/dGFi-vbOyuo -
THE FIRST STEAM LOCOMOTIVE
At the same time as the process of industrialization was evolving, there was a real transport revolution -> The use of the steam engine in land transport (rail) and maritime transport (steamboat). In 1814, George Stephenson built the first steam locomotive and in 1829 obtained the concession to build the first railway line, between Liverpool and Manchester, inaugurated the following year. https://youtu.be/K40XrR67fas -
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Period: 1830-1850
In just twenty years, between 1830 and 1850, iron and coal production tripled in Britain. And with the railway line, finance capitalism also grew. Many companies and investment companies were set up and embarked on the construction of railways, a way of investing some of the wealth accumulated by industrialists and businessmen. -
BRITISH INDUSTRY AROUND 1840
The map of British industry in the mid-19th century shows the geographical location of the most important manufacturing areas. The location of the industries was related to the existence of means of transport connecting the production centres with raw materials and markets. London was the most important city in Europe, the financial and commercial centre of Britain, the capital of the so-called ‘workshop of the world’. -
THE RAILWAY
In 1850, when railway lines were beginning to spread in the countries of Western Europe and the United States, the British network already connected all industrial and mining centres with the major ports and cities and had 10000 km of railways. The railway became the main engine of industrialization.