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The Holy Roman Emporer was the most powerful and the leading ruler in Europe. The empire was a collection of unified kingdoms that lived under an Emporer elected by the nobles.
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The Aztec Empire was an ancient Meso-American culture/civilization that thrived in 1325-1519. They conquered what is now modern-day Mexico until they were overthrown by the Spanish in 1519.
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Ming Taizu founded the Ming dynasty in 1368 and during that time period drove out the Mongols from their conquered land.
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The conquest of the Moroccan fortress, Ceuta, by the Portuguese explorer, Henry the Navigator, began the Portuguese empire and introduced the enslaving of Africans to other European countries.
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Over the course of 28 years, Zheng He had restored China's diplomatic and trade relations, freed the oceans routes from Asia to India and Arabia of pirates, and established Chinese communities that still exist today.
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In 1438, the first great Inca Emporer, Pachakuti, began a series of military conquests from Cuzco to other cities in the Andes, leading the Incas to be one of the most successful empires to have existed.
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The fall of Constantinople removed what was once a powerful defense for Christian Europe against Muslim invasion, allowing further Muslim conquests in Europe.
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The Hundred Years' War was fought between France and England over the succession of the French throne but as a result, cost both economically and gave the countries a sense of nationalism.
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Reconquista was a series of campaigns run by Spain to recapture territory from the Muslims and by the late 1400s, the Muslims held only the tiny kingdom of Granada that fell to the army of Spanish monarchs in 1492.
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The Mughal dynasty was at its peak when its greatest ruler, Akbar, became Emporer at age 14.
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In 1613 the Russian nobles offered royal power to Mikhail Romanov who became the first tsar of the Romanov Empire.
