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The Franks were united into one Kingdom of modern day France. Their leader was Clovis who brought Christianity to his people.
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Pepin fought the Lombards who were invading Italy and threatening Rome. In exchange for this, the Pope anoited Pepin "King by the grace of God."
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This was a battle fought between the Normans and the Saxons. After the Normans won the war, there leader, William the Conqueror, declared all England his personal property.
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Lay investiture was a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. Whoever controlled lay investiture wielded the real power in naming bishops. Pope Gregory VII was the person that banned lay investiturer.
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Henry IV called Pope Gregory "not pope, but false monk" when Gregory banned lay investiture. Because of this the Pope excommunicated Henry. In January 1077, Henry journeyed over the snowy Alps to Canvness.ossa where he begged the Pope for forgiveness.
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The Christians captured Jerusalem in the First Crusade.
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The CrusadesThe Crusades were "holy wars" to try and get the Holy Land and Jerusalem from the Muslims.
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The seven German princes who elected king realized that Germany needed a strong ruler to keep the peace. They choose Frederick I.
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This battle was fought during the Wars of the Guelphs and Chibellines.
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Frederick made peace with the Pope and returned to Germany.
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Frederick I drowned in 1190. After this, his empire dissolved into an array of fragmented feudal states.
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During the Forth Crusade, Constantinople was looted.
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The Magna Carta was a socumetn written by nobles in France. This guaranteed certain basic political rights.
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England's parliament had 2 houses. One was the House of Commons which was made up of knights and burgesses. The other was the House of Lords which was made up of nobles and bishops.
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Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy in Italin. Most things in this time were written in Latin, but he wrote this in Italian. Italian was his vernacular or the everday language of his homeland.
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Hundred Years' WarThe Hundred Years' War was fought between France and England. It started because England said they owned France.
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Black DeathThis plague came from trade with Asia and was transfered by rats. The Black Death killed one third of Europe's population. The Jews were blammed for the plague.
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The Great Schism occured when there were two popes at the same time. Each said the other was a false pope and excommunicated the other. This created the Great Schism.
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Joan of Arc had a voice that told her what to do. Some believed it came from God, and some believed it came from the devil. She was tried for herecy and witch-craft because of her voice.
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Charlemagne protected the Pope and became "Roman Emperor".
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Otto the Great was the most effective ruler of medieval Germany. He copied the ways of Charlemagne who was his hero.
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