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China was ruled by a series of emperors known as the Qing (or Manchu) Dynasty
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Visit to china by British Official, George Macartney, with a goal of convincing Emperor Qianlong to ease restrictions on trade between Great Britain and China, and to allow Britain to have permanent embassy in Beijing.
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Treaty on Nanking gives Britain trading and other benefits, including gaining Hong Kong.
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Brittish and French forces defeat China and force the Qing gpvernment to sign further unequal treaties.
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Era of 'Self-Strengthening'; major rise of foreign presence in 'Treaty Ports' including foreign 'concessions' (districts with non-Chinese administration)
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Establishment of French Indonesia
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Foreign powers scramble to gain concessions (areaes of control) in China