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Stalin promise on Manchuria
Stalin promise at yalta and Sino-Russian treaty that he would evacuate troops from Manchuria within 3 weeks of occupation and complete withdrawal within 3 months -
Soviet presence in Manchuria
Soviet force under Marshal Rodion Malinovsky swept in quicky and were joined by additional striking forces from OUter Mongolia 2 days later, penetrating deep into Jehol and Chahar and faciliated the entry of CCP troops into Manchuria, where USSR turned over considerable amount of Japanese supplies and armament. -
Start of CCP Offense
With the collapse of Japan in sight, Mao declared the time has arrivred for the CCP to mount a general offensive. -
Period: to
The Civil War 1945-49
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Mobilization of PLA
Chu Teh, commander of the Poeple's LIberation Army (PLA) ordered his troops to seize all towns, cities and communication centers under Japanese occupation and to recieve the enemy's surrender and millitary supplies. -
Chiang Appealed to CCP
Chiang asked CCP to refrain from independent actions and ordered the Japanese and puppet forces to hold out against non-Natinoalist armies. Chu Teh denounced Chiang as pro-Japanese and directly asked the Japnese commander-in-chief in China , Okamura Yasuji, to surrender to the communist representatives. To over some communist geographical advantage, Chinag ask for USA aid. -
PLA Advanced
Lin Piao led a 100,000-man army along the Peipinf-Mukden Railway, striking into Manchuria. Withing 2 weeks of the Japanese surrender, the communists expanded thier territory from 116 to 175 counties. -
Japanese surrender in Manchuria
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Chiang's order of Japnese Army
Chiang ordered Okamura to maintain order and keep all millitary supplies inside occupied territory. -
Further Order from Chiang
Okamura was told to allow passage only of Natinalist troops to the occupied territory. The Japnese complied fully. -
Mao's Meeting with Chinag
Chinag in an effort to solve problems with the CCP and to achieve rapprochement invited Mao to a conference in Chungking. Mao flew there, accompanied by American envoy, Patrick Hurley -
USA policy in China
New policy called for continuing support of the Nationalist government on the condition that it not employ American arms to conduct a civil and that it thrive to reach a settlement with the Communists. Repudiating the former policy of unconditional support. -
Hurley resigned
Patrick Hurley accused carrer official of the USA of plotting behind his back, siding with the CCP.President Truman appointed General George Marshall the most distinguished soldier in WWII as a peicail presidential ambassador to China. To assist the Natinalist gov. in re-establishing its authourity, including Manchuria, but not involve the USA in any direct millitary intervention. To urge Chiang to call a conference of all major parties to deliberate on the cession of the civil war & unification -
Marshall arrived in China
Marshall found both parties receptive to his ediation (1)ceasefire in Civil War (2)convocation of a Political Consultative Conference to deliberate the formatoin of a coalition government (3)integration of the KMT and CCP forces into a national army -
Soviet Allowed Nationalist units to be airlifted into Manchuria
Government entered Changchun and Mukden 3 weeks later -
Marshall achieved objectives
he commited KMT and CCP to calling a Political Consulative Conference, an immediate ceasefire and a restoration of communication. A tripartite Executive HQ was created, consisting of one Natinlaist, one Communist and one American member= dicision is unanimous. Similar team sent to field to supervise ceasefire. -
Stances of the Ntionalist and CCP
Natioailst, 5 times bigger army over Commmunist confident to crush the CCP, CCP sneered at 'paper tiger' Natinalist -
Marshall achievement
agreement regarding the relative strength of the KMT and the CCP forces and the integration of the 2 into a natinal army. Resolve that within a year KMT forces to reduce to 90 divisions and CCP to 18, follow by further redutino to 50 and 10. -
Establishment of US Millitary Mission in China
1000 officers under General Wesemeyer, Communist forces included in US training program and recieve US armament before integrating into Nationalist forces -
Marshall returned to USA
to arrange a loan of $500 million from Export-Import Bank. Marshall's absence tested Nationalist and CCP sincerity -
Restart of Nationalist and CCP clashes
local clashes turned into large scale fighting in Marshall's absence -
CCP strategic occupation of Chungchun
CCP dealt Natinalist a severe blow with occupation in Manchuria, it demandded an upward revision of the millitary deployment ratio in Manchuria from 1 to 5 CCP divisoins vis-a-vis KMT's. Chiang agrily rejected and ordered full-blown attack,resulting in recovery of Chungchun in May -
Soviet forecs left Manchuria
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Marshall returned
15 days truce arranged, but both party felt that Marshll obstructed thier ultimate victory. By mid-1946 Marshall's influence has waned. -
Natinalist announced the Natinal Assembly
open disregard of PCC resolution thT NO SUCH asembly should be called before the formation of a coalition gov. -
Marshall threatened to return to US
Natinalist won practically every battle from July to September, CCP accused US of usnig Marshall as smoke screen while underwriting Chiang's civl war. -
Natinalist called off offensive
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CHiang told Marshall he could wipe out CCP in 10 months
Nationalist captured 165 towns and 174000 km square of territory from the Communists. -
Marshall recalled back to USA
End of US mediation on the Civil War -
Communist retreat
pursued by 400000 Nationalist troops, by June, CCp liberated areas shrunk by 191000 km squared and 18 million population -
Nationalist capture CCP capital of Yenan
corwning success -
Civil War Turning Point
CCP army expanding steadily, reaching 1.95 million compared with KMT 3.73 million, general offensive CCP scored victory in Honan and northern Hopeh -
Wedemeyer dispatched to China on fact finding mission
Urge for Reform and USA assistance. Made little impression on either Chiang or Marshall -
New Constitution
Illegal National Assebmly adopted new constitutino, reaffirming Three People's Principles as the basic philosophy of the state, the 5-yuan gov, and the people's 4 rights-initiation, referendum, election and recall -
CCP dealt Natinalist severe blow in Manchuria
Lin Piao army inflicted losses of 150000on the crack Natinalist army. Nationlist pressed into small triangular area between Changchun, Mukden,and Chinchow < 1% of Manchuria.. Lin smothered the Nationalist troops -
Chiang Kai Shek elected as president
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CCP conquered Shantung at Tsinan
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CCP conquered Chinchow
100000 gov. troops destroyed -
CCP conquered Changchun
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CCP conquered Mukden
Mancurian campaign cost Chiang 470000 of his best troops, mortal blow to the morale in entire gov. army. -
100000 gov troops destroyed
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CCP conquered Hsuchow
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General Fu Tso-yo of Nationalist capitualted at Tientsin
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Chiang Forced to Resign
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Nationalist defeated at Peiping
General Fu surrendered with 200000 troops. BY January, Nationalist has lost one and a half million men. -
Battle of Huai-Hai
Nationalist lost 20000 men and 2 well-known generals. Mao now pressed to Nanking -
Mao crossed the Yangtze to occupied Nangking
refugee gov. seek asylum in Canton -
Establishment of the People's Republic of China
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Nationalist gov. fled to Chungking
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Nationalist gov. fled to Taiwan
