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Period: to
Opium War 1
British forced China to continue buying the drug opium(dried latex) from British-ruled India.
Often noted as the prime cause of decline of China by the European powers. -
Period: to
Taiping Rebellion
Chinese blaming the Manchus for allowing China to be over-run by Europeans and overthrowing them.
600 cities ruined, 20 million ppl killes, fertile land laid waste.
Were put down by the help of the Europeans, making the Manchus even more unpoular. -
Opium War 2
Anglo-French army attacked Beijing and burned down government buildings. -
Period: to
Hundred Days of Reform
Emperor Guanxu attempts to strengthen China by modernisation.
Introduction of new schools, colleges, and examination systems, improved gov. budget, dismissed corrupted officials from the court.
Imprisoned and abdicated by his Aunt, the Empress Dowager Cixi -
Period: to
The Boxer Rebellion
(Autumn of 1899 to 7th Sep, 1901)
Organised by a movement called, Yi-Ho Tuan (Righteous and Harmonious Militia) that disliked Christians and Foreigners. Manchus not affected due to Dowager Cixi winning them over by offering support.
1900, reached a climax where the Boxers trapped 1000 foreign embassy officials&under siege for 2 months. Also, hundreds of Chinese-Christian converts killed in Beijing by burning the French cathedral(대성당).
European gov. captured and looted Beijing, and required £67m -
Dowager Cixi's reforms
After realising that the changes were needed, beganto modernise education system and europanise the army, but was too little and too late to save the Manchu dynasty -
Economic Crisis
Harvest failure
Increase in tax-discontent from wealthier parts
disliked gov. pla for building railways, using foreign loans and technical assistance. -
Wuchang Rebellion
Rebellion against the gov,
Began in Schuan in september and as soldiers of the New Army joined the rising, rebels took control of Wuchang. From then on, rebellion wen full-scale, all 18 provinces of China joining the revolution. Manchus recalled Yuan Shikai and he promised the rebels that he would turn China into republic. -
End of QING DYNASTY (MANCHU DYNASTY)
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Period: to
Presidency of Yuan Shikai
President of 'The United Provinces of China'/'constitutional republic''
12 February, Prince Chun and Emperor Puyi stepped down from the throne.
'I, for the sake of the glory and honour of one family, oppose the wishes of teeming millions?' -
Abdication of Puyi
the end or Imperial China and a start of a republic. -
Period: to
Warlord Era
After the collapse of the central government, generals and military governors set up a new government and used army force to enforce their authority.
Governend with great severity. -
The May Fourth Movement
Protest against the peace treaties which ended the Great War(1914-1918)
Kiaochow (port) not returned from Germany, Twenty-One demands not withdrawn by Japan, and the 'unequal treaties' not ended. AT THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE. -
Founding of CCP
1918, assistant librarian called Mao Zedong, helped set up a 'society for the Study of Marxism' and 1921, its members set up a Chinese Communist Party (CCP) -
Policies of Guomindang
National freedome; democratic government; the people's livelihood
AIM : to unite China under Sun Yatsen's leadership and make it into a republic free from foreign interference. -
Death of Sun Yatsen
Died of cancer.
Chiang Kaisheck brcame a Commander- in-Chief.
Had great military power. -
March to the North/Northern Expeditioni
Promising a 'national revolution' and a 'new order' in China.
SUCCESS -
Establishment of the Jiangxi Soviet
After the great massacre of communist remaining communists gathered into the countryside, setting up a Jiangxi Soviet with Mao Zedong as their political leader.
Communist army=Red Army -
The Unification of China
Chiang Kai Shek affiliated with two powerful warlords to defeat the strongest Warlord and aimed to advance to Beijing, The task was made easy when Zhang Zuolin was killed and his successor surrendered. Capitial was moved from Beijing to Nanjing and there set up the National Governemt and Chiang Kaishek was made a chairman. -
Period: to
Extermination campaings
Chiang Kaishek regarded the Jiangxi Soviet as a greater threat.
Mounted five extermination campaigns where fisrt four failed due to Mao's clever technique of lure and ambush. However caused the enemied to grasp hold of peasants where they were killed or starve to death. -
Occupation of Manchuria
Greath Depression in USA affected Japan, making them to decide that foreign conquest is the only way to survive.
Feb 1932, re-throned Pu-Yi but was only a figure-head of the Kwantung Army. -
The fifth campaign
(AUTUMN)
Seeckt's successful 'blockhouse strategy'
Instead of the right-on attack, they slowly surrounded the communist territory, cutting them off from the resources. -
The Long March
87,000 soldiers of the Red Army set out on the retreat,
Took all the equipments needed to set up a new government along with weapons.
Took six weeks to break through the blockhouse rings.
Fought a battle at Xiang River from 25 November to 3 December. (Lost 45,000 men, more than half)
Reached Zunyi on 9 Jan 1935, where Otto Braun was suspended for its poor plan -
The Extermination campaign and Xian incident
Communists wanted a war against Japan but Guomindang wanted to exterminate communists first. Zhang Xueliang, warlord of Manchuria, made an unofficial agreement of keeping peace and Chiang Kaishek tried to stop him. However, he was arrested by Zhang for two weeks which made him to agree on the 'United Front". -
United Front
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Invasion of Japan
decided to strike China before it became too strong without declaring a war -
Hundred Regiments Battle
attacked Japan's railway communications through Cina, paralysing Japanese traffic -
Involvement of USA
Had around two million mwn in China
December : Declared war on Japan after Pearl Harbour attack
American airfields built in South-east China allowed to smash Japan's sea trade and imports with American bombers Finished with Hiroshima Bomb of 6 August 1945 -
Guomindang attack New Fourth Army
Killed and captured 10,000 of the New Fourth Army.
So while the Communists were expanding into northern and central China by creating 'liberation areas', they were on the defensive in Yanan. -
Period: to
Civil War
Guomindang :had powerful American-trained/equipped army of three thousand men. Held all the big cities and railways. Had money and weapons.
Communists : Held only countryside areas, no air force, few railways, no navy, an army of one million men.
People's Liberation Army (communists) got its way by avoiding big battles and making guerilla attacks instead. -
Chaing Kai Shek/ Jian Jieshi's retreat to Taiwan
(January first)
only part of China not under Communist control.
After realising he had lost, retreated with 200,000nGMD troops and gold reserves. Ruled Taiwan ad the 'Republic of China'. -
CCP Victory
With the great support from the people and weakening power of GMD, PLA was large enough to fight big battles by 1948.
In the Battle of Huai-Hai, GMD lost more than half a million ppl and it alowed PLA to move freely in central China, capturing Beijing, Shanghai, and Guanzhou. On 1 Oct 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. -
CCP-GMD Split
After conquering all of southern china and influenced north by Northern Expedition, alliance broke down.
Rebellion led by communists rebelled against the Warlord and was defested by ChiangKaishek's army.