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Jan 1, 1450
Reformation-The church
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism damaged the churchs prestige. There was moral corruption with the church. Parish clergy brought spiritual help to the people. -
Jan 1, 1453
Religous Wars-Slavery
Black slavery orignated with the end of white slavery and the widespread need fo labor. -
Jan 1, 1455
Renaissance-Printed word
The invention in 1455 of the movable type by Gutenberg,Fust, and Schoffer made the printing of a wide variety of texts. Being able to print transformed the lives of Europeans by making propaganda possible,encouraging a wider common identity, and improving literacy. -
Jan 1, 1480
Reformation-Protestant thought
Luther beleived that salvation derived through faith alone, not faith and good works. He stated tha the religous authority rests with the bible, not the pope. He also beleived that the church consists of the entire community of Christian believers. -
Jan 1, 1492
Age of Exploration-Voyages
Voyages started as an attempt to find a trade route to Asia by sailing west. Instead, Columbus reached America in 1492 and shared information on this newly found land with Spain and the rest of Europe. -
Jan 1, 1500
Scientific Revolution-Aristotle
Alot of Christians favorited him becuase he thought that human beings were positioned at the center of the universe and established a home for God. -
Jan 1, 1500
Expansion-Overseas exploration
The expansion began with the Viking voyages and then the Crusades. Politicl centralization in Spain, France, and England prepared the way for expansion. By the 1500s Portugal contolled the flow of the gold of Europe. -
Jan 1, 1500
Renaissance-Communes and republics
Nothern Italian cities were communes which were associations of free men seeking idependence from the local lords. The middle class was exluded from power. -
Jan 1, 1500
Renaissance-Secularism
Secularism means a concern with materialism rather than religion. Unlike medieval people, Renaissance people were concerned with money and pleasure. The church did little to stop secularism. -
Jan 1, 1500
Renaissance-Women and work
Most women were married and worked outside the home. Women worked in ship building, textiles, agriculture, as well as midwives and servants. This period of time didnt really include women in the general improvement of educational oppurtunities. Women were just expected to run the household. -
Jan 1, 1500
Renaissance-Ethnicities
Enslavement of Slavic people in eastern Europe was common, as Germans and others enslaved and sold polish and Bohemian people. Italians brought many white slaves to Europe by way of the Mediterranean. The Europeans were disgusted by black people and they symbolized evil and humility. -
Jan 1, 1500
Age of Discovery-technology
The new technology helped the explorers discover new land. Some technology like the cannon helped in European expansion. The compass and astoblade also came about and helped sailers like Columbus find which way he was going. -
Jan 1, 1500
Age of Discovery-Pedro Alvarez
After, the Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral explored Brazil, setting off a conflict between Spain and Portugal in terms of the newly claimed lands. As a result, the Treaty of Tordesillas officially divided the world in half in 1494. -
Jan 1, 1500
Renaissance-Art and Power
Individuals and oligarchs began to sponsor works of art, which remained overwhelmingly religous. Wealthy people began to spend less on welfare and more on art and architecture. The style of art changed in the 15th century. -
Jan 1, 1500
Age of Exploration-explorers
The explorer Christopher Columbus wanted to find a direct route to Asia, but he didnt find a spice market so he turned to setting up a government in the islands. Spanish exploration lead to the destruction of the Indian population. -
Jan 1, 1500
Age of Discovery-Colonial administration
The spanish acted on the mercantilist principle that the colonies existed for the financial benefit of the mother country. The development of native industries was discouraged. Portugals mercantilist policies constrained Brazils growth. -
Nov 16, 1500
Scientific Revolution-Copernican hypothesis
He claimed that the earth revolved around the sun and the sun was the center of he univere. -
Nov 16, 1515
Religous Wars-Charled V and France
The wars between them were very costly, so to raise money Francis sold public offices. -
Jan 1, 1517
Reformation-Martin Luther
Luther was a German monk and professor of religion. He concluded that faith was central to the Christianity and the only means of salvation. -
Jan 1, 1517
Reformation-Social Impact of Luthers beleifs
Luthers ideas were popular becuase of the widespread resentment of clerical privileges and wealth. Luthers ideas attracted many preachers, and they became Protestant leaders. Some traditional Catholic practices like confession and the doctrine of transubstantion were maintained. -
Nov 18, 1517
Reformation-Ninety-Five Theses
Luther opposition to the sale of the indulgences, promoted his fight with Rome. The Ninety-Five theses raises many theological issues and initiated a long period of debate in Europe. An indulgence was a release from the penalties to be paid for sin. -
Jan 1, 1518
Expansion-Slavery
Africans were brought to America to replace Indian slavery. This was promoted by the missionary las Casas, who wished to protect Indians. African kings and dealers sold black slaves to European merchants and the first slaves were brought to Brazil. -
Jan 1, 1519
Expansion-Explorers
Spanish exploration in the Carribean led to the destruction of the Indian population. in 1519 Magellan sailed southwest acros the Atlantic for Charles V of Spain and found the Western Isles. Cortez conquered the Aztec Empire and founded Mexico city as the capital of New Spain. -
Jan 1, 1520
Reformation-Establishments
The establishement of the church in Scotland caused and extreme case of clerical abuse and corruption. John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland from Geneva. The English ruling class in Ireland adopted the new faith. -
Nov 19, 1520
Renaissance-Individualism
It stressed personality,uniqueness,genius, and full development of ones capabilities and talents. The Renaissance people beleived in individual will and genius. The literature represented the flowering flowering of a disctinctly Renaissance individualism. -
Jan 1, 1521
Renaissance- France after the Hundred Years' war
Charles VII lead the age of recovery and ended civil war. He expelled the english,strengthened royal finances, reformed the justice system, and remodeled the army. He also made the church subject to the state. -
Jan 1, 1530
Scientific Revolution-Galileo
He discoverd the laws of motion using the experimental method. He also invented the telescope. -
Jan 1, 1540
Expansion-Technology
The development of the cannon aided the European expansion. New sailing and navagational developments such as the caravel ship, the magnetic compass, and the astrolabe, aslo aided the expansion. -
Jan 1, 1540
Reformation-Catholic and counter reformation
There were two types of reform within the Catholic church. The Catholic Reformation wanted to stimulate a new religous fervor. The counter reformation started in 1540s as a reaction to the Protestantism and progressed at the same time as the Catholic church. -
Jan 1, 1540
Reformation-Congregation of the Holy Office
The group established by Pope Paul III carried out the Roman Inquisition as a way to combat hersey. It had the power to arrest, imprison, and execute, but its influence was confined to papal territories. -
Jan 1, 1540
Renaissance-Education
Humanists were interested in education, particularly the training of rulers, and moral behavior.Vergeio wrote a treatie on education that stressed the teaching of history,ethics, and pubic speaking. -
Jan 1, 1540
Age of Discovery-Dutch east India company
It became the major organ of the Dutch imperialism and it gained control of much of the African and American trade. -
Jan 1, 1542
Reformation-New religous orders
The Ursuline order of the nuns gained enormous prestige for the education of women. The Ursulines wanted to re-Christianize society by training future wives and mothers. The society of Jesus played a strong international role in resisting Protestantism. -
Jan 1, 1545
Reformation-Council of Trent
Pope Paul III attempted to reconcile with the Protestants but it failed. The principal of the papal authority was maintained and the spiritual renewel of the church had begun. Great emphasis was placed on preaching. -
Jan 1, 1550
Renaissance-Humanism
Italians collected ancient manuscripts and monuments and copied the ancient Roman lifestyle. Humanists wanted to understand human nature through a study of Pagan and classical authrors and Christian thought. -
Jan 1, 1550
Expansion-Power of the countrys
The desire to Christianize the muslims and Pagan peoples played a role in European expansion. Limited economic and political oppurtunity for upper class men in Spain led to emigration. The economic motives were the basic reason for European expansion and exploration. -
Jan 1, 1556
Religous wars- Revolt of the Netherlands
Calvinism took deep root among the merchants and financiers. Margaret wanted to destroy protestantism and raise taxes. -
Jan 1, 1559
Religous Wars-Religous riots
Symbolized the struggle for power in the upper class and serious religous concerns among the lower class. -
Jan 1, 1560
Expansion-Columbus
Christopher Columbus was a very religous man who wanted to find the direct route to Asia. He carried Christian civilization to the new world. -
Absolutism Western Europe-Spain
Developed an absolute monarchy. Duth and English began to cut into Spains trade monopolies. spain had a tiny middle class. -
Absolutism in western Europe-Edict of Nantes
Henry IV was given religuos freedom throughout the towns. Under Richelieu France sought to break Hasburgs power. -
Religous Wars-Time of troubles
Relatives of Tsar fought against each other.Swedish and Polish armies invaded. -
Absolutism in eastern Europe- time of troubles
The relatives of the tsar fought against each other. Swedish and Polish armies invaded. A split in the church over religous reforms led to mass protests by the peasents, and the church became dependent on the state for its authority. -
Expansion-Literature and art
Montaige is the best representative of early modern skepticism. He rejected the claim that one culture may be superior to another. Shakespeares understanding of human philosophy wa rooted in his appreciation of classical culture,individualism, and humanism. -
Age of Discovery-Witch hunt
A witch was a person who worked for the devil and could mysteriously injure other people or animals. people were lead to beleive in evil power becuase of everyday misfortunes. Thousnads of people were exacuted as witches. -
Age of Exploration-Magellan
Maggellan wanted to find a pasage to Asia and he convinced the king of Spain to finance his voyage. He got to the pacific ocean and names it the pacific sea. He eventually died becuase Native Americans killed him, but he is still known for traveling aound the world. -
Expansion-Spains discovery in the New World
Alot of American gold and silver poured into Spain. The population growth and not the flood of American bullion caused inflation in Spain. It hurt the poor the most. The crown of Spain and Portugal became one in 1580 and the Spansish administrative forms were introduced. -
Expansion-Thinking differently
People were very confused and insecured by the war. It was a time were racism, sextism, and skeptism began to take on modern forms. The statues of women declined and her main priority was to take care of the household. -
Religous Wars-Thirty Years War
The Protestant Bohemian revolt over religous freedom led to war in Germany. The Bohemians fought for religous liberty and independence from Hasburgs rule. -
Scientific Revolution-Bacon
Bacon claimed that the empirical method would result not only in more knowledge but also in highly practical usleful knowledge. -
Religous Wars-Edict of Nantes
Henry IV gave religous freedom to the Protestants. -
Scientific Revolution-Consequences
With news theories and ideas technology weakend and had little effect till the 19th century. -
Scientific Revolution-Law of Inertia
Galileo said that rest wasnt the natural state of objects. He said an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force. -
Scientific revolution-Descartes
He beleived that it was possible to deduce the whole science of medicine from his first principle. His greatest acheivement was to develope his initial vision into a whole philosophy of knowledge. -
Scientific Revolution-Cartesian Dualism
Descates veiw on the world had to do witht this. He was a very fluent and original thinker. -
Absolutism Western europe-English Civil War
Wanted to limit power and summon Parliament every 3 years. Religious differences in Ireland led to a revolt. Charles was beheaded in 1649. -
Religous wars-English Civil war
A revolt in Scotland over the religous issue forced him to call a new Parliament into session to finance an army. religous differences in Ireland led to revolt. -
Religous Wars-Peace of Westphalia
Reconized the indepenent authority of the German princes. The treaty allowed france to intervene at will in Germans affairs. -
Religous Wars-Germany after thiryty years war
They were economically destroyed. Led to agricultural depression and return to serfdom. -
Absolutism In Eastern Europe-Serfdom
The nobles and rulers establsihed serfdom in eastern lands of Bohemia and other countrys.The east gained a certain social and economic unity in the process. -
Absolutism in Western Europe-Religous issues
The Puritans, who were dissatisfied with the church of England, saw James I as an enemy.Charles I was pro-catholic. -
Absolutism in Eastern Europe-Restoration of english monarchy
The restoration of the Stuart Kings in 1660 failed to solve the problems of religion and the relationship between king and parliament. Fear of a Catholic monarchy led to the expulsion of James II and the Glorius revolution. -
Absolutism Western Europe-restoration of English monarchy
The test act said hat only the Church of Enland memebrs could vote. Charles pro-french policies led to a Catholic scare. -
Expansion-Baroque Art
In the late 16th century the papacy and the Jesuits encouraged the growth of an emotional art that appealed to the sences. The baroque style took definite shape in Italy after 1600 and developed with exceptional vigor in Catholic countries. -
Enlightenment-Philosophers
Fontenelle and Bayle were philospohers that stressed the idea of open-mindedness. More philosophers were wanting to know the truth about the world. -
Enlightenment-the public
Intellectual freedom was possible in France, in contrast to Eastern Europe. The philosphers were commited to bringing new ideas to the public. -
enlightenemnt-absolutism
The philosophers beleived that a benevolent absolutism offered the best chance for improving society.Masses beleived that change had come from above. -
Religous Wars-Austria and Prussia
The Austrain Hasburgs turned inward and eastward to unify their holdings. Protestantism was wiped out and absolutism was achieved. -
Scientific Revolution-Law of universal gravitation
The key feature of Newtons synthesis was the universal law of gravitation.According to this law everybody in the universe attracts every other body. -
Scientific revolution-Newtons Synthesis
He formulated a set of mathematical laws to explain motion and machanics. Newton worked off of Copernicus's ideas. -
Absolutism in eastern Europe-Tsar people
The Tsars struggled over who would rule the state, but the tsras won and created a new service called service nobility.Ivan the terrible was an autocratic tsar who expanded Muscovy and further reduced the power of the boyars. -
Absolutism Western Europe-Glorious Revolution
It expelled James II and installed William ans Mary on the throne. There was no bloodshed. The power was divided between king and parliament. -
Enlightenment-Theories
Montesquieus theory of the separation of powers were extremely influential. Voltaire challenged traditional Catholic theology and exhibited a characteristic philosophe beleif in a distant God who let human affairs take their own course. -
Enlightenment-Urban Culture
Most of the new buyers for books came from the middle class and clergy. Publishing in the fields of art and science grew the most. New ideas of women rights came about. -
Enlightenment-influence
In eastern Europe absolutism remained strong. By combining state building with the culture and the critical thinking of the enlightenment, absolute monarchs succeeded in expanding the role of the state in the life of society. -
Enlightenment-Catherine the Great of Prussia
Catherine II imported Western culture to Russia, supported the philosophers, and began a program of domestic reform. She engaged in a policy of territorial expansion. -
Enlightenment-Austrian Hasburgs
Maria Theresa introduced reforms that limited church power, revised the tax system and the bureaucracy, and reduced the power of the lords over the serfs. Joseph II abolished serfdom and taxed all equally. -
Enlightenment-Absolutism in France
Some philosphers like Voltaire beleived that monatchy was the best system. The parlement of Paris won 2 decisive victories against taxation. -
Absolutism in Eastern Europe-Development of Russia
The Mongols conquered the kievan state in the 13th century and unified it under their harsh rule. Ivan I served the Mongols while using his wealth and power to strengthen the principality of Moscow. -
Absolutism in eastern Europe-Prussia
Fredrick used military force and taxation to unify his rhine holdings, Prussia, and Brandenburg into a strong state. The traditional parliments which were controlled by the junkers. -
Age of Exploration-End of Discovery
The Age of Exploration ended in the early 17th century after technological advancements and increased knowledge of the world allowed Europeans to travel easily across the globe by sea. Also, the creation of settlements along the coasts of the newly found areas created a network of communications and trade, so they didnt need to find routes anymore. -
Changing Life-Schools
Formal education outside the home was more for upper class people. Education for common people didnt begin until the 17th and 18th century. Both catholics and Protestants encouraged popular education. -
Changing Life-food
Plagues started dissapearing, so people started living longer. The diet of ordinary people depended on grain. Peasents and poor people mainly depended on grains and vegtables. Only in Britain and Low countries did people eat more meat. -
Absolutism in Western Europe-Dutch Republic
They won their independence from Spain. Religous toleration fostered economic growth. Dutch east India Company was founded in 1621. -
Absolutism in Western Europe-Consitutionalism
Refers to a balance between the power of the government and the rights of the subjects. Constitutional governments may be either republics or monarchies. -
Absolutism in Eastern Europe-Peter the Great
Peter faced a Russian army based on calvary and not the sort of profressional armies being forced in Europe. He reformed the army and forced the nobility to serve in his bureaucracy. -
Absolutism in Eastern Europe-rise of Ausstria and Prussia
After the thrity years war, the Austrian Hasburgs turned inward and eastward to unify their holdings. Serfdom increased, Protestantism was wiped out, and absolutism was achieved. The Hasburgs replaced the Bohemian Czech nobility with their own warriors. -
Enlightenment-Fredrick the Great of Prussia
Fredrick used the War of the Austrian Succession to expand Prussia into a great power by sezing Silesia Fredrich allowed religous freedom and promoted education -
Absolutism In Eastern Europe-Fredrick the Great
Allowed religous freedom and economic growth. He allowed the repression of Prussian Jews who were confined to overcrowded ghettos. -
Absolutism in Eastern Europe-Barboque architecture
Baroque culture and art grew out of an effort by the Catholic church to attract followers. The royal palace was the favorite archetectural expression of absolutist power. -
Changing life-marriage and family
the nuclear family was most common in western and eastern europe. Early marriage was not common and many women never married at all. In the typical English villiage, women and men married at 27. -
Changing Life-Infanticide
Killing nurses were froms of population control. Abortions were illegal and dangerous. Foundling hospitals were established but could not care for all the abandoned babies. Some hospitals had 25,000 children. -
Absolutism in Eastern Europe-Catherine the Great
The Pugachev uprising led her to reverse the trend toward reform and serfdom and give nobles absolute control of their serfs. She engaged in a policy of territorial expansion. -
Changing Life-Children and education
Alot of children were abused and neglected. Infant mortality was very high. Middle and upper class women hired wet nurses and the occupation of wet nursing was often exploitative of lower class women. -
Changing Life-New methods of farming
The potato improved the diet of the poor. For some poor people in Ireland the potato replaced grain as the primary food in the 18th century. There was a growth in the market gardening and an improvement in food variety. -
Changing lIfe-Medical
The Enlightenment led to research and experimentation in medicine and a rise in the number of practitioners. Women were exluded from the medical profession. Faith healers were used to exorcise demons. Physicians frequently bled or purged people to death. -
Changing Life-religion
The local parish church remained important in daily life. The Protestant beleif in individualism in religion was tempered by increased state control over the church and religous life. Catholic monarchs also increased state control over the church,making it less subject to papal influence. -
Changing Life-Hospitals
Patients were often crowded together even in one bed. There was no fresh air or hygiene. Mental illness was misunderstood and treated inhumanley. Some attempts at reform occured in the late 18th century. -
Changing life-illegitimacy
In some places there were 2 to 5 percent of illigetimate births in a year. Many women were abstaining from intercourse and fewer younger men were marrying the women they got pregnant. -
Age of Exploration-Contirubutions
By traveling to different regions around the globe, explorers were able to learn more about areas like Africa and the Americas. In learning more about such places, explorers were able to bring knowledge of a larger world back to Europe.