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First inhabitants in 3500 BC
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Purpose unknown. Maybe designed and used as an astronomical clock or a place for ceremonies worshipping the Sun -
They arrived from Central Europe (Switzerland-Austria), and mingled with locals. 20 different tribes, led by chiefs or a king. 3 classes (noblemen and warriors, druids - priests, doctors, educated people- and ordinary people (farmers and craftsmen) -
Bloody visit of the Romans. This is the first recorded date in British History. -
Romans invaded Britannia, and most of the Celtic rulers chose to surrender. In return, they got wealth and stability. Christianity was also introduced towards the end of their stay. Romans left Britannia in the early 5th century when they had difficulties back home.
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Emperor Hadrian ordered a wall against rebellious Celtic tribes. -
Germanic tribes coming from Scandinavia took control of the whole island in no more than 2 centuries. Established farming villages and introduced new farming technics.
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Vikings attacked Britain and conquered some parts of the North as well as some regions of Ireland. In 870 Alfred the Great made an agreement with the Vikings, which divided England into the Anglo/Saxon area (South and West) and the Viking area (North and East). It turned out that the cultural and linguistic differences between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings were minimal, so Edgar, grandson of Alfred united England.
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Edward the Confessor promised the English crown to his distant cousin William from Normandy (France), but when he died, he named Harold, his brother-in-law as the next king. King Harold had to deal with a Norwegian invasion from the North. Defeated the invaders in September, and then he had to deal with the Norman army in the South led by William. Harold was defeated and killed in HASTING in October. William the Conqueror was crowned, this was the beginning of the Norman ruling.
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Between King Harold and William of Normandy. English army 5000 men, French army 15,000 men. King Harold was killed by an arrow. More on the Normans: https://www.theschoolrun.com/homework-help/normans#:~:text=The%20Normans%20came%20from%20northern,England%20for%20about%20300%20years. -
Magna Carta was issued in 1215 and was the first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government were not above the law. It sought to prevent the king from exploiting his power.
It was foundational to the Hungarian Aranybulla and the American Declaration of Independence and Constitution. -No new taxes unless a common counsel agrees.
-All free men have the right to justice and a fair trial with a jury.
-The Monarch doesn't have absolute power and not above the law. -
The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) was a series of conflicts fought between England and France over succession to the French throne. It lasted 116 years and saw many major battles – from the battle of Crécy in 1346 to the battle of Agincourt in 1415, which was a major English victory over the French. The siege of Orleans was the turning point of the Hundred Years' War. After over 80 years of warfare, the French finally gained the upper hand with the decisive victory at Orleans.
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The Tudor Monarchs reigned between 1485-1603.
HENRY VII (1457-1509)
HENRY VIII (1491-1547)
EDWARD VI (1537-1553)
MARY I (1516-1558)
ELIZABETH I (1533-1603) -
Wars of the Roses, (1455–85) Series of dynastic civil wars between the houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne. The wars were named for the emblems of the two houses, the white rose of York and the red of Lancaster. Both claimed the throne through descent from Edward III. After thirty years of conflict, Henry Tudor took the final victory and was crowned Henry VII, uniting the two sides into The House of Tudor. (He was Lancaster, married to Elizabeth, from the House of York. -
English Reformation
Acts of Wales (1536) Annaxed Wales to the English Kingdom.
Parliament was split into two houses Catherine of Aragon - 3 sons, 3 daughters, only Mary survived infancy
Henry sent envoys to the Pope to annul his marriage, but it was refused. He summoned the Parliament, passed a series of acts, and created the Church of England, where the head was the king.
Got divorced, and then married Anne Boleyn, who had a girl, called Elisabeth. Executed Anne.
Jane Seymour bore him a son. -
The daughter of Henry VIII who claimed the throne after the death of Edward VI. She brought back catholicism and executed Protestants, hence the name. -
Came to power after the death of her half-sister Mary I. She brought back and reorganized the Church of England. She was Protestant but tolerant of other religions. If someone was loyal to her, she did not question his/her religious views.
-She turned down the Spanish Armada (Sir Francis Drake)
- Expansion of England, the beginning of the British Empire. (Sir Francis Drake sailed around the world
- First colony established in North America (Virginia- referred to as the Virgin Queen
- Golden Age