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a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.
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Philip II became King of France. Instead of appointing nobles to fill government positions, Philip paid middle-class officials who would owe their loyalty to him. He introduced a new tax.
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King john was force to sign the Magna Carta and it did 2 important things. 1)forced monarchs to obey the laws and gave nobles rights, that were later extended to all free-men.
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Louis IX became king of France. Louis persecuted heretics, or those who held beliefs contrary to church teachings. He expanded the royal courts, outlawed private wars, and ended serfdom in his personal domain.
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King Edward I expands Parliament to include representatives of common people as well as lords and clergy.
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Spain expelled all jews. More than 150,000 people,mostly Muslims and Jews fled Spain. many of these exiles were skilled, educated people who had contributed much to spains economy and culture. So Spain is gonna have a common bond because its gonna have mainly Christians.
