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Although the Qur'an does not mention the name "Jerusalem", the hadith assert that it was from Jerusalem that Muhammad ascended to heaven in the Night Journey, Laylat al-Mi’raj. By this Jerusalem became a significant and holy city for Islam.
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750-974 : Jerusalem was ruled Under Abassid Dynasty.
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The first Crusaders Capture Jerusalem. The capture was accompanied by a massacre of almost all of the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants. Jerusalem became the capital of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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1099 ~ 1187: Muslim shrines on the Temple Mount (the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque) were converted for Christian purposes by Christian settlers from the West. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was also rebuilt as a great Romanesque church.
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Saladin recaptured Jerusalem from Crusaders. He respected the Christian and Jewish holy places and permitted worship of all religions. He also did no harm to the women or children.
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King Richard of England and Saladin finalized a treaty granting Muslim control over Jerusalem but allowing unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city.
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The walls of the city were razed by order of al-Mu’azzam, the Ayyubid sultan of Damascus. This rendered Jerusalem defenseless and dealt a heavy blow to the city's status. The Ayyubids destroyed the walls in expectation of ceding the city to the Crusaders as part of a peace treaty.
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Jerusalem came again into the power of the Christians, and the walls were repaired. The Khwarezmian Empire took the city in 1244 and was in turn driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247.
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1517 ~1917: Jerusalem was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman Sultans brought an age of “religious peace”; Jew, Christian and Muslim enjoyed the freedom of religion the Ottomans granted them and it was possible to find a synagogue, a church and a mosque on the same street. The city remained open to all religions, although the empire’s faulty management after Suleiman the Magnificent meant economical stagnation.
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1520-1566: Jerusalem enjoyed a period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent, including the construction of magnificent walls of what is now known as the Old City of Jerusalem.
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British capture Jerusalem in World War I.
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The state of Israel was established. Jerusalem was divided by Armistice lines: one Jewish, Israel and one Arab, Jordan. Each state would be composed of three major sections, linked by extraterritorial crossroads, plus an Arab enclave at Jaffa. Expanded Jerusalem would fall under international control.
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East Jerusalem was captured by the Israel Defense Forces during the 1967 Six Day War.
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Jerusalem was captured by the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn al-Khattab who ruled with a strong center that could preserve the unity of the Islamic state which was beginning to expand. Umar allowed the Jews back into the city and freedom to live and worship after four hundred years.
According to Arab historians of the time, Umar personally went to the city to receive its submission, cleaning out and praying at the Temple Mount in the process. -
During the reign of Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685-705), the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque were built on site of destroyed Jewish temples, a structure enshrining a stone from which Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven during the Isra. The Dome of the Rock was decorated by Byzantine Christian craftsmen.
