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Period: Jan 1, 1150 to
Manchus Empire
- Federation of northeastern Asian people
- Founded the Qing Empire
- Defeated the Ming Dynasty
- Also established Jin Dynasty
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Period: Jan 1, 1300 to Jan 1, 1400
Ottoman Empire
- Islamic state founded by Osman
- Located in northwestern Anatolia
- After fall of Byzantine Empire, they were located in Istanbul (formerly Constantinople)
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Period: Jan 1, 1340 to
Songhai Empire
- Located in western Sudan in West Africa
- Was a major player in the trans-Saharan trade
- Its height was in the 16th century when the empire stretched from the Atlantic to the land of the Hausa
- Empire was ruled by a Muslim Dynasty
- Predecessor was Mali
- One of the largest empires in African history
- Capital was the city of Gao
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Period: Jan 1, 1394 to Jan 1, 1460
Prince Henry the Navigator
- Devoted the rest of his life promoting exploration of the South Atlantic
- Had mixed motives for exploration
- He never ventured much farther from home than Africa
- He founded a sort of research institute at Sagres for studying navigation and collecting information about the lands beyong Muslim North America
- He devoted resources to solving the technical problems faced by mariners sailing in unknown waters and open seas
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Jan 1, 1440
Beginning of Portuguese Slave Trade
- This was the first financial return from the voyages
- Slaves were captured during raids on the northwest coast of Africa and the Canary Islands
- Began because Europeans lacked a work force and when the indigenous people proved unreliable, they brought in African slaves
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Period: Jan 1, 1451 to Jan 1, 1481
Reign of Mehmed the Conqueror
- Laid seige on Constantinople in 1453
- Used enormouse cannons to bash the city's walls, dragged warships into the city's inner harbor to avoid its sea defenses, and penetrated the city through a series of infantry assaults
- Fall of Byzantine Empire occured during his reign and made the Ottoman Empire seem invincible
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Period: Jan 1, 1462 to Jan 1, 1492
Reign of Sunni Ali
- King of Songhai
- During his reign, Songhai grew into the most powerful empire in West Africa
- Built a remarkable army made up of not farmers hastily pressed into service, but full-time professional soldiers
- Captured Timbuktu, making the empire a center of commerce and culture
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Period: Jan 1, 1483 to Jan 1, 1546
Martin Luther
- He was a Catholic monk
- He first objected the use of indulgences
- Began the Protestant Reformation
- He did so by burning the document of condemnation and rejecting the authority of the pope
- He wrote to Pope Leo, asking him to stop his abuse and challenged the preachers to debate on theology of indulgences
- Insisted that the only way to salvation was through faith of Jesus Christ
- Wrote 95 theses and it became popular through the use of the printing press
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Jan 1, 1488
Dias' Voyage Into the Indian Ocean
- First Portuguese explorer to round the soutern tip of Africa and enter the Indian Ocean
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Jan 1, 1492
Columbian Exchange
- The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technoligies between the Americas and the rest of the world, following Columbus's voyages
- Death rates among Amerinidians were very high because they lacked immunity to diseases introduced from the Old World
- Transfer of animals and plants dramatically altered the diet and lifestyles of both regions
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Aug 3, 1492
Columbus' First Voyage
- Their mission was to discover and acquire certain islands and mainlands
- He had a theory that one could reach Asia by sailing west
- It wasn't easy finding a sponsor to test his theory but after much persistence, he won over Queen Isabella and her husband
- Expedition traveled in 3 small ships: Santa Maria, Santa Clara, and Pinta
- Columbus found America but insisted it was India, thinking it was part of Asia and nothing changed his mind
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Period: Jan 1, 1502 to Jan 1, 1520
Moctezuma
- Last Aztec emperor before Hernan Cortes dethroned him
- Moctezuma became a prisoner in his own palace because he trusted Cortes' word of friendship
- Moctezuma was killed during the battle to run the Spanish out of the empire
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Period: Jan 1, 1502 to
Safavid Empire
- Was an Iranian Kingdom
- Established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state
- Used land grants to support its all-important cavalry
- Its population spoke several languages
- It focused on land power rather than sea power
- He declared that his realm would practice Shi'ite Islam and revere the family of Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali
- He called on his subjects to abandon Sunni beliefs
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Period: Jan 1, 1509 to Jan 1, 1564
John Calvin
- He was a highly influential Protestant leader
- Published "The Institutes of the Christian Religion", a masterful synthesis of Christian teachings
- He turned from the study of law to theology after experiencing a religious conversion
- His teachings differed from Roman Catholics and Lutherans
- He believed that God "predestined" salvation
- He also curtailed the power of a clerical hierarchy and simplified religious rituals
- Followers also displayed simplicity in dress, life, and worship
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Period: Jan 1, 1519 to Jan 1, 1521
Spanish Conquest of Mexico
- Conquered by Hernan Cortes
- Went to Mexico at first to search for slaves and the establish trade
- After they learned of their riches, they wanted to conquer the land
- Disease and Spain's advanced weapons led to Mexico's defeat
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Period: Jan 1, 1520 to Jan 1, 1566
Reign of Suleyman the Magnificent
- Commanded the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe
- Ottoman historians look back on his reign as a golden age when the imperial system worked to perfection
- He conquered Belgrade in 1521
- He expelled the Knights of the Hospital of St. John from the islands of Rhodes
- He laid seighe to Vienna in 1529
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Period: Jan 1, 1526 to
Mughal Dynsaty
- A Muslim state exercising domination over most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries
- Babur was the founder of the empire
- Babur descended from TImur and was related to Genghis Khan
- Had 20 reigns during the dynasty
- Taj Mahal was built along with Red Fort of Delhi, the Fort of Agra, Humayan's Tomb, and more
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Period: Jan 1, 1545 to Jan 1, 1563
Council of Trent
- It was a council that met in the city of Trent in northern Italy
- They met in 3 sessions
- They would painstakingly distinguish proper Catholic doctrines from Protestant "errors"
- They also reaffirmed the supremacy of the pope and called for a number of reforms
- They were involved in the Catholic Reformation
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Period: Jan 1, 1547 to
Russian Empire
- Became one of the major powers of Europe by 1750
- Empire stretched from eastern Europe across northern Asian, and into North America
- During the centuries before 1500, they were dominated by Mongol ruler from 1240s to 1480
- Received claims of greatness during 1500
- As the empire expanded, it incorporated people with different languages, religious beliefs, and ethnic identities
- Added serfdom to empire
- During 1600s, the empire was boor, backward, and landlocked
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Period: Jan 1, 1556 to
Reign of Akbar
- Was Babur's grandson
- All but the southern tip of India fell under Mughal rule under his reign and his successors
- He granted land revenues to military officers and government officials in return for their service
- Strived for social harmony, and not just for more territory and revenue
- There was much dispute between Muslims and Hindus during his reign, but he desired for Muslim-Hindu reconciliation
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Period: Jan 1, 1564 to
Galileo Galilei
- Built telescope that was able to magnify distant objects thirty times beyong the power of the naked eye
- He discovered that the planets, moon, and sun were not perfectly smooth spheres and that the sun had spots
- Also discovered that other planets had their own moons
- Discovered that earth was not alone in being heavy and changeable
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Period: to
Tokugawa Shogunate
- This was a new military government that was established by Tokugawa Ieyasu
- Gave Japan more political unity than the islands had seen in centuries
- Tokugawa family arose after a period of warring states and a politicial intrigue that destabilized Japan
- The warrior samuri held the most power
- Land controlled by daimyo
- Because taxes were fixed and inflation was not taken into account, it lead to poverty and battles amongst the ruling classes, eventually leading to their collapse
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Period: to
Thirty Years' War
- Caused long-lasting depopulation and economic decline in much of the Holy Roman Empire
- It was the worst of the international conflicts
- Also produced dramatic improvements in the skill of European armed forces and their weaponry arguably made them the most powerful in the world
- Began over their pursuit of power monarchs expended vast sums of money
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Period: to
John Locke
- He disputed monarchial claims to absolute authority by divine right
- He argued that rulers derived their authority from the consent of the governed, and like everyone else, were subject to law
- He thought that when monarches overstepped the law, citizens not only had the right to rebel, but also had the duty to
- Emphesized the importance of individual rights
- Argued that governments were created to protect life, liberty, and property
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Period: to
Qing Dynsaty
- Established by Manchus
- At various times, was controlled by Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet
- Qing soon adopted Chinese institutes and policies
- The majority of Qing officials, soldiers, merchants, and farmers were Chinese
- They were rivals with Russia for control of northern Asia's Pacific coast
- Conquered Beigjing
- During rule, population of China grew 3 times in size
- Twice the size of Ming geographically
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England's Glorious Revolotion
- When King James II refued to respect Parliament's rights and had his heir baptized a Roman Catholic, the leaders of Parliament forced James to exile
- Colonists were provoked to resist and rebel
- Colonists overthrew the governers of Massachusetts and New York and removed Catholic Proprieter of Maryland
- William and Mary restored relative peace
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Period: to
Peter the Great
- Made major changes to reduce Russia's isolation and increase the empire's size and power
- Greatest of Romanovs
- He turned Russia away from Asian cultrual connections
- Constructed a small yet formidable navy that could blockade Ottoman ports
- Traveled in disguise across Europe to discover how western European countries were so powerful and wealthy
- Copied western European countries' cultures
