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One Carolingian (royal house of franks), Charles Martel took credit for defeating the Muslims during the battle of tours in 732. This victory was less about Carolingian strength, and more about Arab fatigue/exhaustion and an overextended invasion force.
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Charlemagne’s empire was a significant empire in France and Germany. Charlemagne restored religious education in Western Europe, and the education of the people began to recover. He died in 814, and his empire was soon after split into 3 different portions for his three grandsons.
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The Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, invaded England in 1066. (He already had a strong domain in France, and then expanded it to his new kingdom).
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The first crusade was in 1095 against the Muslim control of the holy land. “Appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy land from Muslims”. Western crusaders moved toward Jerusalem, and won it from Turkish armies. They then lost it to the muslim general, Saladin during the 12th century. The next several crusades were attempts to win back the holy land.
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Gothic was an architectural style that was developed throughout the Middle Ages in Western Europe. Signature models included pointed arches and flying buttresses that were external supports on main walls.
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The Magna Carta, or Great Charter was signed by King John of England in 1215. It “confirmed feuds rights against monarchical claims; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy.”
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Thee Hundred Years’ war was ongoing conflict between England and France. They fought over the lands that England controlled in France, as well as feudal rights versus the arising claims of national states.
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The Black Death was a violent plague throughout Europe during the 14th century. It unfortunately reduced Europe’s population, and impacted the social structure for Europe.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (Catholic monarchs), were married in 1469, which led to the unification of Spain. Thus creating the first monarchs.