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Early Renaissance Italian poet and writer.
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1394-1460. Henry, a Portuguese explorer, sent travelers down West Africa's coast, establishing trade routes, murdering in-the-way Muslims, and spreading Christianity. Also founded a school of navigation in 1418.
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a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His invention fostered the printing revolution, a great vehicle for ideas to spread throughout Europe.
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Banking dynasty that were super wealthy and influenced Italian politics and finances in the 1400's.
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demonstrate the benefit of gaining learning from classical, pre-Christian sources, which had previously been frowned upon by the Roman Catholic Church.
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Movement rooted in the Renaissance which emphasized the strength and worth of the individual. Michaelangelo's 'David' illustrated this.
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Term that describes the new artistic styles of Italian artists during the Renaissance.
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The belief church and state (politics) should not be mixed. it refers to the view that human activities and decisions, especially political ones, should be unbiased by religious influence.
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The man, the myth, the legend. Getting permission from Queen Isabella, Spaniard Columbus traveled into Caribbean and Haitian islands. Every time he went, he believed he had reached the Asia continent.
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Famous Italian artist during the Renaissance who created many works, such as The Last Supper.
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The siege of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most heavily fortified cities in the world, took place in 1453.
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He traveled along the coast of East Africa and southwestern India. When he reached Calicut, he was looking for "Christians and spices." He returned to Portugal with numerous spices of cinnamon and others, making him a rich man.
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German Dominican Preacher who regularly sold indulgences (proceeds going to St. Peter's Church and to local dioceses), but a lot of it went into their pockets.
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Pedro Álvares Cabral was a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal.
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A Pope who came to power during many revolutions and reformations, and used nepotism to keep his power.
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Italian historian, diplomat (ambassador), philosopher, humanist and writer during the Renaissance. A founder of modern political science. The author of The Prince.
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Spanish conquistador who visited the Inca empire and devastated the populations, using their civil war and an contagion of smallpox to his advantage.
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First person to formulate a heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe and put the sun in the middle.
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David, Sistine Chapel, Italian Renaissance Artists
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Given the throne by Nepotism (he was Medici's second son), he supported the sale of indulgences and tried to squash out the voices of reformers.
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An Italian courtier, (fashion) diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author
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Spanish traveler, the first one who circled the circumference of the world world. He later died at the hand of natives.
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Spanish conquistador who allied with Aztec rebels and pillaged Moctezuma's city, gaining control of northern Mexico.
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A spanish knight who created the Order of Jesuits, who were given the job of Inquisitions. Millions died.
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The medieval system of farming in England, in which land was divided into strips and available for grazing outside the growing season.
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Protestant Reformer. 1) Since God already knows who will be saved or executed before they're born, common people can't achieve salvation. Only the select few (Elect of Saints) will be saved by mystical conversions or known to be saved by material richness. 2) The Church should have the power of the country = theocracy.
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Anatomist. He wrote 'On the Fabric of the Human Body' which corrected most of Galen's errors.
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Caused by numerous reformers, this movement sought to reform the Catholic Church, ridding of relics, indulgences, and inept clergymen. Once the Catholic Church held on to their power and burned "heretics", the focus changed to overthrowing the Catholic Church.
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Sold Sheets of Paper of which guaranteed remission of sins and knocked off years in Hell, Rejected by the Reformation
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An edict issued by Charles V that declared Martin Luther to recant his beliefs and submit to the church.
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The Revolution of German Poor People who revolted against landowners, demanding abolition of manorialism (the economic and social order of medieval feudalism).
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An edict that refused to recognize the right of German princes to determine the religion of their subjects. This is probably a result of Luther's novel, 'To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation'.
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Newly Protestant Princes (mostly in Germany) who defended themselves against the emperor (Charles V).
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A holy order in military fashion; blind faith was required. These were the hand of the Catholic Church, suppressing Protestantism, and using Inquisitions. Started by Ignatius Loyola.
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Used to support the Catholic Mary Tudor, it supported: (1) transubstantiation: the bread + wine turns into blood and flesh. (2) that communion in both kinds was unnecessary; (3) that priests ought not to marry; (4) that the vows of chastity ought to be observed in both sexes; (5) that private masses were allowable; (6) that auricular confession was necessary.
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Scienticist who accepted the heliocentric view, but he didn't believe the earth moved. In his self-designed Uraniborg Castle, he studied planet positions in the universe.
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A list of banned books by Catholics that were mostly "heretic" material and Protestant thoughts.
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Developed the scientific method, which was the process of experimentation, theories, etc.
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By his self-invented telescope, he could discover more things about the heavens. Wrote 'The Starry Messenger' and 'Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems'. Debased the theory of Aristolinean motion (things only move when pressure in exhorted constantly).
Isaac Newton -
The Golden Age (1558-1603) of which Queen Elizabeth ruled.
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Pushed by his father into theology, but he converted to astrology and astronomy and mathematics. Assistant to Brahe, and he confirmed the Copernican/Heliocentric view.
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William Harvey was an English physician, who described the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the body by the heart.
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French royal house that had all the power
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Originally a war between Catholics and Protestants, it eventually included all of Europe.
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Alone as a woman in her field, she wrote 'Observations upon Experimental Philosophy' and 'Grounds of Natural Philosophy.' Astronomer.
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Invented calculus, studied light, and gave theory of gravitation. He wrote 'Principia' - his laws of motion.
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the involvement of state and national government in economic areas; tariffs, taxes, etc.
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'Persian Letters': religious tolerance, no slavery, the Catholic church is a monarchy. 'Spirit of the Laws': there are three governments in the world (republics, monarchies, and depotism); the separation of powers is necessary for all three.
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Person who started the belief that wealth=land development.
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England lover; religious toleration lover; deism lover; believed Jesus wasn't divine and God here, but not here.
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Leading female figure who hosted many philosophes in her salons.
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God created the world, but he has no investment with his creation. Reason alone will achieve human perfection.
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Discourse': civil governments (a necessary evil) and the fight over private property combine and ruined people's lives. 'Social Contract': freedom is adherence to laws one has imposed on themselves 'Emile': women are below men; there needs to be a balance between the brain and the heart
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loathed Christianity, basically an atheist, wrote Encyclopedia (religious toleration, etc. )
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Scottish philosopher; believed government should only provide the army and the police (protection) and stay out of business; wealth = labor. Hater of mercantilism.
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Initiated a public health movement where urban cities where sanitized.
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was a physician, political theorist, and scientist best known for his career in France as a radical journalist and politician during the French Revolution.
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When inflation held the country down (too much money, not enough goods), people began to sell more things, increasing production, middle class/bourgeoisie gained wealth and status; nobles went down.
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Part of the enclosure acts, where it was a common farming area; peasants work together on same land area.
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Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre was a French lawyer, politician, and one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution
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Founder of feminism; showed that men over women is similar to dictatorship - Reason is in everyone, including women. Daughter was Mary Shelley.
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Georges Jacques Danton was a leading figure in the early stages of the French Revolution and the first President of the Committee of Public Safety.
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Socialist/Public Ownership of factories/Wanted a planned economy.
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Invented condensing chamber steam engine.
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Wealth of Nations/Government shouldn't interfere in economy; laissez-faire economy.
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The Tennis Court Oath was an assertion that the sovereignty of the people did not reside with King, but in the people themselves, and their representatives. It was the first assertion of revolutionary authority by the Third Estate and it united virtually all its members to common action. Its success can be seen by the fact that a scant one week later, Louis XVI called for a meeting of the Estates General for the purpose of writing a constitution.
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Destroyes 1789. The Bastille was a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France.
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a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. Influenced by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself.
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The political and social system that existed in France before the Revolution of 1789.
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A transitional body between the Estates-General and the National Constituent Assembly.
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The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number/ Began by Bentham in An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
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A Jacobin is someone who supports a centralized Republic, with power made at the federal level in contemporary usage. At its inception during the French Revolution, the term was popularly applied to all supporters of revolutionary opinions. Specifically, it was used to describe members of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary, far-left political movement that had been the most famous political club of the French Revolution
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During the French Revolution, the National Convention or Convention, in France, comprised the constitutional and legislative assembly which sat from 1792 to 1795. It held executive power in France during the first years of the French First Republic.
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The Girondists were a political faction in France within the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution. They campaigned for the end of the monarchy but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the Revolution.
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The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt in the French Revolution against perceived excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just and several other leading members of the Terror. This ended the most radical phase of the French Revolution.
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Economist who explained poverty existed because the population increased too fast for food production to keep up. Popularized Rent.
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The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.
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The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations, on 16-19 October 1813, was fought by the coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden against the French army of Napoleon at Leipzig, Saxony. Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine. The battle marked the culmination of the fall campaign of 1813 during the German campaign and involved over 600,000 soldiers, making it the largest battle in Europe prior to World War I.
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A conference of ambassadors of European states and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Iron Law of Wages/ people have "natural wages", but when people need labor, wages increase, size of families increase, population grows, and eventual poverty.
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In Great Britain, initiated legislation to improve working conditions in factories.
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Bourgeois invested in different companies (since they had money from commercial revo.) like charters, joint-stock, and limited liability.
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Communist economist.
