AP euro super timline

St. Peter's Basilica built: 326-349 AD

Nov 29, 1200

A major basilica in the Vatican City, use to be one of the largest churches in the city. Remains one of the holiest cities, stands were Peter the apostle who considered the first pope was died and was crucified.

Ap euro super timeline

Period: Nov 29, 1200 to Nov 29, 1800

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)

Nov 29, 1304

known as the "Father of Humanism" . He was fascinated by the classical past and was convinced that Ancient Roman artists and writers reached a level of perfection that no one has been able to reproduce. He spent hours searching for classical Latin manuscripts in libraries. His goal was to engender a new intellectual era through the recovery of these classical texts and liberal arts. (More info on pg. 378)

Dante’s Inferno: 1310-1320

Nov 29, 1310

first part of the Divine Comedy, talks about Dante's travels through Hell, embodies psychological tensions of his age

English Peasants Revolt: 1381

Nov 29, 1381

This revolt was brought about by English peasants due to to the changes of weather. After the Black Death, labor supply was low, so these peasants demanded a higher pay and few obligations. This resulted in the murdering of many people and the gradual decrease of serfdom. (More info on pg. 360)

Jan Hus burned: 1415-

Nov 29, 1415

czech professor and reformer, burned at stake, followers are Hussites, against abuses. burned at stake by council of constance, along with books and teachings

Jan Van Eyck paints Wedding of Arnolfini: 1434

Nov 29, 1434

It is an oil painting and is know to be on of the most western and complex paintings during this time period. Used many different effects that are almost unheard of during this time period such as light and dark, and perception to background.

Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press: 1440s

Nov 29, 1440

Before the printing press, everything was hand-copied. With this new invention, thousands of identical copies could be made. It started when Johannes Gutenberg realized that the same way that metal stamps marked signs on jewelry, he can cover those metal stamps with ink and produce them onto paper. He started making stamps with each letter of the alphabet, later known as type. The first printed book was the Bible in Latin in 1456. The printing press allowed a significant growth of literacy to t

Constantinople falls: 1453

Nov 29, 1453

Sultan Mehmed II was the leader of the ottoman empire at this time. The city was attacked by 100,000-150,000 men and was defended by 10,000.

Ferdinand and Isabella marry: 1469

Nov 29, 1469

Their marriage resulted in the union of Castile and Aragon (the Iberian Peninsula). The monarchy was unified under this new marriage but most of Spain still had separate languages, cultures, coinage and other legal systems. They reduced aristocratic power by not letting the nobility into the royal council; they appointed small landowners instead. They came to capture Granada in 1492 and Navarre in 1512. Their form of government allowed them to have only one religion, therefore forcing muslims an

Botticelli’s Primavera: 1481-1482

Nov 29, 1481

Botticelli’s Primavera is translated to spring. Shows his cultural impact and the roman and greek paintings occurring during the renaissance.

Spain invades Granada: 1482-1492

Nov 29, 1482

Part of the Spanish Inquisition, led by Isabella and Ferdinand, expelled all Jews from the Iberian Peninsula

Spenger and Kramer’s Witches Hammer: 1486

Nov 29, 1486

book written by two monks and blessed by Pope Innocent VIII describing ways to torture 'witches' to confessions during the holy inquisition

Columbus sails west: August 3, 1492

Aug 3, 1492

Columbus wanted to find a trading route to India and convert others to christianity. He was finally able to receive help from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, where they named him viceroy of the lands that he conquered. He also receive 10% of the profits made. He landed in the Bahamas, which he later named San Salvador, on October 12,1492, but he thought that these were small islands off of the east coast of Japan. From there, he sailed southwest thinking that he was going to find China or Japan

Da Vinci paints Last Supper: 1492-1498

Nov 29, 1492

A symbolic Biblical reference, one of the first paintings depicting the disciples as real people in human force, during the Renaissance.

Medicis flee Florence: 1494

Nov 29, 1494

caused by Savonarola, led to decline of prominence of Florence.

France vs. Spain/ HRE in Italian Wars: 1494-1559

Nov 29, 1494

Fought mostly by France and Spain, resulted in Spanish Hausburg dominating Italy and shifted power from Italy to northwestern Europe.

Vasco Da Gama sails around Africa: 1498.

Nov 29, 1498

10 years earlier, Bartholomew Diaz reached the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa. He was unable to complete his voyage due to a storm. Vasco Da Gama was able to complete this voyage and he founded a trading route to India. He returned to Lisbon, Portugal with a ship full of new items from India. (More info on pg.451)

Michelangelo sculpts David: 1501-1504

Nov 29, 1501

"The Board of Works for the Cathedral of Florence commissioned Michelangelo to sculpt David that was left over from a previous project" (http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org)

Da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa: 1503-1506

Nov 29, 1503

painted while da Vinci was living in Florence now is currently hanging in the Louvre.

Michelangelo paints Sistine Chapel: 1508-1512

Nov 29, 1508

Pope Julius II, was originally asked to paint the ceiling with a geometric ornament that initials the twelve disciples.

Henry VIII becomes king: 1509

Aug 29, 1509

Erasmus writes In Praise of Folly: 1509

Nov 29, 1509

published in 1511, - had a huge role in the reforming of the church and largely impacted the renaissance. It talked about some of the churches faults in a more jokingly matter, but become popular and caused some to even question the church. Was specifically written for Tomas More.

Raphael paints School of Athens: 1509-1511

Nov 29, 1510

The school of athens was painted in 4 different parts. four frescoes. And was a based on the renaissance culture, showed many famous reformers and painters throughout his life, generation, such as Michelangelo and Galileo.

Machiavelli publishes the Prince: 1513

Nov 29, 1513

Machiavelli was a secretary in Florence. He was later put in jail and tortured for suspicion of plotting against the Medici's. After he was released, he published the Prince, where he is speaking about the most effective way to govern by using examples of other rulers. His main point is that a ruler should have order and security, even if means lying and manipulating others. As long as your people don't turn away from you, you will be fine. (More info on pg. 381)

Thomas More prints Utopia: 1516

Nov 29, 1516

Depicts an Island of society (fictional) of its religion and specifies the stupidity behind it. It’s aimed at protestants/before they were known as protestants.

Martin Luther's 95 thesis: October 31,1517.

Oct 31, 1517

The 95 thesis was a letter to Archbishop Albert with his concerns towards indulgences. Indulgences were a document that the Catholic church made in order to lessen one's penance and waiting time in purgatory. They would also bring forgiveness of all sins. Martin Luther was worried that people wouldn't take forgiveness as seriously as it ought to be. He wanted to the church to stop selling these because Christians weren't being as pious as they should be. He nailed the 95 thesis to the church doo

Pope Leo X endorses indulgences, 1517

Nov 29, 1517

allowed the papal authority to finance building projects in Rome and to help bishops pay off debts. Payed for a sin that one committed was what indulgences were for.

Da Vinci dies: 1519

Nov 29, 1519

considered leader of the Italian renaissance, engineer, architect, mathematician, writer

Charles V becomes HRE Emperor: 1519-1556

Nov 29, 1519

Charles V married Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter, Joanna, in 1496, thus inheriting Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands. Like Spain, the Netherlands was only united in terms of having one ruler, but each of the states had their own languages and cultures. He tried to help the Habsburg's from the Ottomans. He was catholic, but with time, he let the protestants practice their faith. Lutheran ideas started to spread. He tried to keep Europe religiously united. (More info on pgs.400,

Magellan's voyage around the world: 1519-1522.

Dec 29, 1519

Charles V sent Ferdinand Magellan to find a sea route to the southeast coast of Asia. He sailed southwest into the Atlantic to Brazil. He thought that the ocean was calm, so he named it "pacific". Later on, his ship sailed north, into the west coast of South America. He then sailed into the Pacific ocean and faced storms, violence, diseases, etc. and later died. This circumnavigation lasted about 3 years. (More info on pg.456)

Cortes conquers Aztecs: 1521

Nov 29, 1521

the last aztecs surrendered and cortez become the ruler cultivating their lifestyle to conform to theirs as well as making many of them work for the spanish.

Diet of Worms: 1521.

Dec 29, 1521

This was Charles V first diet in which the goal was to officially excommunicated Martin Luther but instead created a bigger audience to reform against the ideas of the Catholic church. Even more people were rising up against the church and they were becoming anti clericals. (More info on pg.409)

Marburg Colloquy: 1529

Nov 29, 1529

the "shattering of Protestantism" Zwingli and Luther try to unite Swiss Reformationa and German reformation, doesn't work because of different views, remained divided forever.

Pizarro conquers Incas: 1532-1537

Nov 29, 1532

Pizarro arrived on the northeast coast of Peru in 1532, and won the empire after 5 years of fighting. He took advantage of internal conflicts in the empire in order to win it.

Thomas More executed: 1535

Nov 29, 1535

After Opposing Henry VIII'S marriage to Anye Boleyn. Henry didn’t like this and then executed him for treason.

John Calvin Prints Institutes of the Christian Religion: 1536

Nov 29, 1536

This in turn lead to a seeking of reforms within the church that later gets known as calvinism.

El Greco born: 1541

Nov 29, 1541

Was a greek artist, sculptor and architect who influenced defined that spanish renaissance. Born in Spain.

Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits: 1541

Dec 29, 1541

Council of Trent 1545-1563

Nov 29, 1545

a council called by pope Paul III, in wich Lutherans and Calvinists were to meet in order to settle disputes and reconcile with each other, ultimately failed due to the political agendas of Charles V and France. Also started a time where the Catholic Church experienced many reforms

Martin Luther dies: 1546

Nov 29, 1546

Wrote the 95 Theses, credited with starting the Protestant Reformation

Henry VIII dies: 1547

Nov 29, 1547

Was buried in St.Georges Chapel in Windsor Castle, had a goal of six wives his last wife produced him a male heir to his throne.

Peace of Augsburg: 1555

Nov 29, 1555

Treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic league that involved the alliances of Lutheran princes in Bavaria, Germany.

Philip II becomes King of Spain: 1556.

Nov 29, 1556

He became King after his father, Charles V, abdicated the throne. Under Philip's rule, he was finally able to unite the Iberian Peninsula politically. In the Netherlands, calvinist ideas were spreading; these included opposition to political leaders if they were seen as "ungodly". The government tried to put a stop to these ideas by limiting their worship and by raising taxes. This resulted in the destruction of 30 catholic churches and later, in war. (More info on pg. 434)

Elizabeth becomes king: 1558

Nov 29, 1558

Her mother Anne Boleyn was executed, known for the religious settlement of 1559 when she enforced the Protestant religion by law.

French wars of Religion Begin: 1562-1598

Nov 29, 1562

These were a series of wars that were fought primarily between Protestants and catholics. They happened in France. The edict of nantes concluded the wars in 1598.

John Calvin dies: 1564

May 25, 1564

Led the Protestant Reformation in England, creator of Calvinism, which involved predestination

William shakespeare born 1564:

Nov 29, 1564

created a new cultural output tailored to the common populace. Shared different views of the king and events to the people.

Dutch Revolt begins: 1566

Nov 29, 1566

-Caused for religious reasons, Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands/Dutch Republic revolted against Spanish authority for political and religious independence from Spain

Peter Brughal paints Wedding Feast: 1567

Nov 29, 1567

The painting represents a peasant wedding and depicts some of the different things individuals do/did in peasant life. Oil painting.

Henry of Navarre became king: June 9, 1572

Jun 9, 1572

Had many religious conflicts during his reign dealing with the Protestants and there uprising attempts. Issued the edict of Nantes during his reign as well.

St. Bartholomew's day massacre: August 24, 1572

Aug 24, 1572

king Charles of IX of France ordered the assassinations of Huguenot Protestants leaders in Pairs which led to the mass killing of thousands of hugeouts.

Spanish Armada:1588

Nov 29, 1588

A Spanish fleet attempted to attack England and to overflow Elizabeth I, primarily to eliminate Protestantism. Failed due to climate and the small and faster English navy

Edict of Nantes: 1598

Apr 18, 1598

Put a temporary end to the religious wars between Roman Catholics and Protestants which caused trouble in France since the 1560s.

Philip II of Spain dies: 1598

Nov 29, 1598

Son of Charles V, devout catholic, Habsburg ruler of Spain from 1556-1598, led Spanish counter reformation but failed to invade Protestant England with Spanish Armada

Elizabeth dies: 1603

Nov 29, 1603

"Elizabeth's always shrewd and, when necessary, decisive leadership brought successes during a period of great danger both at home and abroad" (http://www.royal.gov.uk)

Cervantes Don Quixote: 1605

Nov 29, 1605

This is a book written by Miguel de Cervantes, shows a man and his attempt to understand chivalry and ends up being an incredibly popular book.

King James Bible Printed: 1611

Nov 29, 1611

It started in 1604 and it wasn't complete until 1611. It was printed by the King's Printer, Robert Barker. It was the third translation of the English Bible.

30 years war begins: 1618- 1648.

Nov 29, 1618

The Peace of Augsburg, which allowed catholics and protestants to practice their faiths, was becoming less effective. The Protestants made the Protestant Union in 1608 and Catholics made the Catholic League in 1609. This war is usually broken down into 4 phases. The first phase (Bohemian 1618-1625) was a civil war in Bohemia that resulted in the catholic success against the protestants. The second phase (Danish 1625-1629) resulted in more catholic victories and the Edict of restitution where o

King Gustavus Adolphus killed 1632:

Nov 29, 1632

king of Sweden killed in battle Lützen but Sweden won the battle and his generals kept Sweden in the war until the treaty of Westphalia was issued.

English Civil War Begins: 1642

Nov 29, 1642

This was a series of armed conflicts between King Charles I and his Parliament. allowed for the Glorious Revolution to escalate.

English Civil War: 1642-1649

Nov 29, 1642

It all began with wanting to put a stop to King Charles I for using illegal taxing methods and for not using Parliament to help. Parliament didn't trust the king with an army. So Charles went to Northern England and made his own army that consisted of nobility, gentry and mercenaries. Parliament formed their own army in London composed of the militia in London, country squires and business connections. Parliament won in 1645 but Charles didnt accept the defeat. So Oliver Cromwell captured Charle

Peace of Westphalia:1648

Nov 29, 1648

Collections of treaty that grouped together to end the thirty years war.

Charles I executed January 30, 1649

Jan 30, 1649

Ended the line of kings and kingship was abolished by Oliver Cromwell, who had Charles I executed

Rump parliament 1649

Nov 29, 1649

created by Oliver Cromwell after capturing King Charles I and dismissed members of parliament who did not agree with his actions, the remaining were known as the rump parliament.

Navigation acts passed 1651

Nov 29, 1651

mercantilist policy put into action by Oliver Cromwell that required English goods to be transported by English ships creating competition with the Dutch.

Oliver Cromwell becomes lord protector-1653

Nov 29, 1653

:Gave him full power over everything and controlled everyone through military force and action. dismissed parliament and continued a standing army and instituted martial law

Oliver Cromwell dies, 1658

Nov 29, 1658

A great relief to the people of England who were tired of the military rule. Caused the collapse of his protectorate.

Enclosure Acts: 1700-1801

Nov 29, 1700

these acts were enabled to regulate land. At first in the 1700’s by mutual landowners. This eventual changed during the 1800’s when parliament took over.