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A major basilica in the Vatican City, use to be one of the largest churches in the city. Remains one of the holiest cities, stands were Peter the apostle who considered the first pope was died and was crucified.
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known as the "Father of Humanism" . He was fascinated by the classical past and was convinced that Ancient Roman artists and writers reached a level of perfection that no one has been able to reproduce. He spent hours searching for classical Latin manuscripts in libraries. His goal was to engender a new intellectual era through the recovery of these classical texts and liberal arts. (More info on pg. 378)
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first part of the Divine Comedy, talks about Dante's travels through Hell, embodies psychological tensions of his age
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This revolt was brought about by English peasants due to to the changes of weather. After the Black Death, labor supply was low, so these peasants demanded a higher pay and few obligations. This resulted in the murdering of many people and the gradual decrease of serfdom. (More info on pg. 360)
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czech professor and reformer, burned at stake, followers are Hussites, against abuses. burned at stake by council of constance, along with books and teachings
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It is an oil painting and is know to be on of the most western and complex paintings during this time period. Used many different effects that are almost unheard of during this time period such as light and dark, and perception to background.
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Before the printing press, everything was hand-copied. With this new invention, thousands of identical copies could be made. It started when Johannes Gutenberg realized that the same way that metal stamps marked signs on jewelry, he can cover those metal stamps with ink and produce them onto paper. He started making stamps with each letter of the alphabet, later known as type. The first printed book was the Bible in Latin in 1456. The printing press allowed a significant growth of literacy to t
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Sultan Mehmed II was the leader of the ottoman empire at this time. The city was attacked by 100,000-150,000 men and was defended by 10,000.
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Their marriage resulted in the union of Castile and Aragon (the Iberian Peninsula). The monarchy was unified under this new marriage but most of Spain still had separate languages, cultures, coinage and other legal systems. They reduced aristocratic power by not letting the nobility into the royal council; they appointed small landowners instead. They came to capture Granada in 1492 and Navarre in 1512. Their form of government allowed them to have only one religion, therefore forcing muslims an
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Botticelli’s Primavera is translated to spring. Shows his cultural impact and the roman and greek paintings occurring during the renaissance.
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Part of the Spanish Inquisition, led by Isabella and Ferdinand, expelled all Jews from the Iberian Peninsula
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book written by two monks and blessed by Pope Innocent VIII describing ways to torture 'witches' to confessions during the holy inquisition
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Columbus wanted to find a trading route to India and convert others to christianity. He was finally able to receive help from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, where they named him viceroy of the lands that he conquered. He also receive 10% of the profits made. He landed in the Bahamas, which he later named San Salvador, on October 12,1492, but he thought that these were small islands off of the east coast of Japan. From there, he sailed southwest thinking that he was going to find China or Japan
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A symbolic Biblical reference, one of the first paintings depicting the disciples as real people in human force, during the Renaissance.
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caused by Savonarola, led to decline of prominence of Florence.
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Fought mostly by France and Spain, resulted in Spanish Hausburg dominating Italy and shifted power from Italy to northwestern Europe.
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10 years earlier, Bartholomew Diaz reached the Cape of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa. He was unable to complete his voyage due to a storm. Vasco Da Gama was able to complete this voyage and he founded a trading route to India. He returned to Lisbon, Portugal with a ship full of new items from India. (More info on pg.451)
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"The Board of Works for the Cathedral of Florence commissioned Michelangelo to sculpt David that was left over from a previous project" (http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org)
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painted while da Vinci was living in Florence now is currently hanging in the Louvre.
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Pope Julius II, was originally asked to paint the ceiling with a geometric ornament that initials the twelve disciples.
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published in 1511, - had a huge role in the reforming of the church and largely impacted the renaissance. It talked about some of the churches faults in a more jokingly matter, but become popular and caused some to even question the church. Was specifically written for Tomas More.
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The school of athens was painted in 4 different parts. four frescoes. And was a based on the renaissance culture, showed many famous reformers and painters throughout his life, generation, such as Michelangelo and Galileo.
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Machiavelli was a secretary in Florence. He was later put in jail and tortured for suspicion of plotting against the Medici's. After he was released, he published the Prince, where he is speaking about the most effective way to govern by using examples of other rulers. His main point is that a ruler should have order and security, even if means lying and manipulating others. As long as your people don't turn away from you, you will be fine. (More info on pg. 381)
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Depicts an Island of society (fictional) of its religion and specifies the stupidity behind it. It’s aimed at protestants/before they were known as protestants.
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The 95 thesis was a letter to Archbishop Albert with his concerns towards indulgences. Indulgences were a document that the Catholic church made in order to lessen one's penance and waiting time in purgatory. They would also bring forgiveness of all sins. Martin Luther was worried that people wouldn't take forgiveness as seriously as it ought to be. He wanted to the church to stop selling these because Christians weren't being as pious as they should be. He nailed the 95 thesis to the church doo
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allowed the papal authority to finance building projects in Rome and to help bishops pay off debts. Payed for a sin that one committed was what indulgences were for.
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considered leader of the Italian renaissance, engineer, architect, mathematician, writer
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Charles V married Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter, Joanna, in 1496, thus inheriting Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands. Like Spain, the Netherlands was only united in terms of having one ruler, but each of the states had their own languages and cultures. He tried to help the Habsburg's from the Ottomans. He was catholic, but with time, he let the protestants practice their faith. Lutheran ideas started to spread. He tried to keep Europe religiously united. (More info on pgs.400,
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Charles V sent Ferdinand Magellan to find a sea route to the southeast coast of Asia. He sailed southwest into the Atlantic to Brazil. He thought that the ocean was calm, so he named it "pacific". Later on, his ship sailed north, into the west coast of South America. He then sailed into the Pacific ocean and faced storms, violence, diseases, etc. and later died. This circumnavigation lasted about 3 years. (More info on pg.456)
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the last aztecs surrendered and cortez become the ruler cultivating their lifestyle to conform to theirs as well as making many of them work for the spanish.
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This was Charles V first diet in which the goal was to officially excommunicated Martin Luther but instead created a bigger audience to reform against the ideas of the Catholic church. Even more people were rising up against the church and they were becoming anti clericals. (More info on pg.409)
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the "shattering of Protestantism" Zwingli and Luther try to unite Swiss Reformationa and German reformation, doesn't work because of different views, remained divided forever.
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Pizarro arrived on the northeast coast of Peru in 1532, and won the empire after 5 years of fighting. He took advantage of internal conflicts in the empire in order to win it.
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After Opposing Henry VIII'S marriage to Anye Boleyn. Henry didn’t like this and then executed him for treason.
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This in turn lead to a seeking of reforms within the church that later gets known as calvinism.
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Was a greek artist, sculptor and architect who influenced defined that spanish renaissance. Born in Spain.
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a council called by pope Paul III, in wich Lutherans and Calvinists were to meet in order to settle disputes and reconcile with each other, ultimately failed due to the political agendas of Charles V and France. Also started a time where the Catholic Church experienced many reforms
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Wrote the 95 Theses, credited with starting the Protestant Reformation
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Was buried in St.Georges Chapel in Windsor Castle, had a goal of six wives his last wife produced him a male heir to his throne.
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Treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic league that involved the alliances of Lutheran princes in Bavaria, Germany.
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He became King after his father, Charles V, abdicated the throne. Under Philip's rule, he was finally able to unite the Iberian Peninsula politically. In the Netherlands, calvinist ideas were spreading; these included opposition to political leaders if they were seen as "ungodly". The government tried to put a stop to these ideas by limiting their worship and by raising taxes. This resulted in the destruction of 30 catholic churches and later, in war. (More info on pg. 434)
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Her mother Anne Boleyn was executed, known for the religious settlement of 1559 when she enforced the Protestant religion by law.
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These were a series of wars that were fought primarily between Protestants and catholics. They happened in France. The edict of nantes concluded the wars in 1598.
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Led the Protestant Reformation in England, creator of Calvinism, which involved predestination
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created a new cultural output tailored to the common populace. Shared different views of the king and events to the people.
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-Caused for religious reasons, Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands/Dutch Republic revolted against Spanish authority for political and religious independence from Spain
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The painting represents a peasant wedding and depicts some of the different things individuals do/did in peasant life. Oil painting.
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Had many religious conflicts during his reign dealing with the Protestants and there uprising attempts. Issued the edict of Nantes during his reign as well.
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king Charles of IX of France ordered the assassinations of Huguenot Protestants leaders in Pairs which led to the mass killing of thousands of hugeouts.
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A Spanish fleet attempted to attack England and to overflow Elizabeth I, primarily to eliminate Protestantism. Failed due to climate and the small and faster English navy
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Put a temporary end to the religious wars between Roman Catholics and Protestants which caused trouble in France since the 1560s.
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Son of Charles V, devout catholic, Habsburg ruler of Spain from 1556-1598, led Spanish counter reformation but failed to invade Protestant England with Spanish Armada
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"Elizabeth's always shrewd and, when necessary, decisive leadership brought successes during a period of great danger both at home and abroad" (http://www.royal.gov.uk)
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This is a book written by Miguel de Cervantes, shows a man and his attempt to understand chivalry and ends up being an incredibly popular book.
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It started in 1604 and it wasn't complete until 1611. It was printed by the King's Printer, Robert Barker. It was the third translation of the English Bible.
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The Peace of Augsburg, which allowed catholics and protestants to practice their faiths, was becoming less effective. The Protestants made the Protestant Union in 1608 and Catholics made the Catholic League in 1609. This war is usually broken down into 4 phases. The first phase (Bohemian 1618-1625) was a civil war in Bohemia that resulted in the catholic success against the protestants. The second phase (Danish 1625-1629) resulted in more catholic victories and the Edict of restitution where o
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king of Sweden killed in battle Lützen but Sweden won the battle and his generals kept Sweden in the war until the treaty of Westphalia was issued.
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This was a series of armed conflicts between King Charles I and his Parliament. allowed for the Glorious Revolution to escalate.
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It all began with wanting to put a stop to King Charles I for using illegal taxing methods and for not using Parliament to help. Parliament didn't trust the king with an army. So Charles went to Northern England and made his own army that consisted of nobility, gentry and mercenaries. Parliament formed their own army in London composed of the militia in London, country squires and business connections. Parliament won in 1645 but Charles didnt accept the defeat. So Oliver Cromwell captured Charle
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Collections of treaty that grouped together to end the thirty years war.
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Ended the line of kings and kingship was abolished by Oliver Cromwell, who had Charles I executed
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created by Oliver Cromwell after capturing King Charles I and dismissed members of parliament who did not agree with his actions, the remaining were known as the rump parliament.
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mercantilist policy put into action by Oliver Cromwell that required English goods to be transported by English ships creating competition with the Dutch.
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:Gave him full power over everything and controlled everyone through military force and action. dismissed parliament and continued a standing army and instituted martial law
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A great relief to the people of England who were tired of the military rule. Caused the collapse of his protectorate.
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these acts were enabled to regulate land. At first in the 1700’s by mutual landowners. This eventual changed during the 1800’s when parliament took over.