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They learned how to quantify time by use of the mechanical clock meaning bells
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this was an iron or bronze gun that shot iron or stone balls this allowed ships to batter down fortresses
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gave each of the electors virtual sovereignty
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Italians brought many white slaves to europe by way of the mediterranean
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made the church subject to the state Expelled the english, recognized the royal council, strengthened royal finances, reformed the justice system, and remodeled the army
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aristicratic family that ruled in italy ruled the church
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This turkish menace badly frightened europeans
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the widespread need for labor, particularly in the new sugar producing settlements
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made possible the printing of a wide variety of texts
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studied church law and astronomy in various european universities He came up with the copernicus hypothesis
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Especially with the marriage of maximilian I of Austria and Mary of Burgundy
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Storms and a threatened mutiny forced him to turn back
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Spain had begun the quest for an empire
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The divided italy became a european battleground
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Diaz, da Gama, and cabral esablished trading routes to india
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Cabral the proceded south and east around the cape of good hope and reached india
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Also known as the tsar, he had emerged as a single hereditary ruler of the eastern slavs
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stood on scafolds and painted upside down humanity and religion are touching in the painting
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appointed governor of india ny the portuguese crown
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"Better to be feared than to be loved..."
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believes that people should not be to pay indulgences for their sins
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this replaced indian slavery which was promoted by the missionary las casas
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within three years he had taken captive the aztec emperor Montezuma and conquered the rich aztec empire
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democratized religion
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because of landlords seizure of vaillage land over crop failure led to these results
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began printing an english translation of the new testament
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believed society, not the people needed improving
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described the model renaissance gentleman as a man of many talents, including intellectual and artistic skills
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the spanish later opened the potosi mines which became the richest silver mines
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the start of new scientific thought throughout europe with important people such as galileo and copernicus
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believed that god selects certain people to do his work and he was selected
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The church previously believed in the idea that the universe was composed of perfectly shaped spheres that contained the heavens and the other stars
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An attempt to reconcile with the Protestants failed international politics hindered the theological debates
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It is a detailed eyewitness account of plants, animals, and peoples and was widely read
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now a legal religion each prince was permitted to determine the religion of his territory
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The low country\ies split into northern and souther Netherlands with protestant rule in the north and catholic rule in the south.
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This lead to a variety of European war centering on religios and national issues
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galileo contributed so much to the world of science. he discovered the law of inertia
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kepler contributed to the scientific revolution
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Calvinists were masacred at a wedding between a protestant and a calvinist
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established himself as europe's leadinf astronomer with his detailed observations of the new star
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Does not end the war but prevented Philip III from unifying western territory
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Saved France from further civil war by allowing Protestants to worship
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The start of a period characterized by internal struggles and invasions
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developed with exceptional vigor and in catholic countries
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cut heaily into portuguese trading in East Asia
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He was elected by nobles and he re-established tsarist autocracy
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A civil war in Bohemia between the catholic league and the protestant union The Bohemians fought for religious liberty from Habsburg rule
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traded extensively in latin america and africa
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This led to further Catholic Victory
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He reinstituted the catholic mass
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This Ended the Habsburg plan to unite Germany
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protestants tended to be pro-science
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He was forced to recant his views on science
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This ended with a destroyed Germany and an independent Netherlands
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A french huguenot who despised Loius XIV and found refuge in the netherlands Skepticism
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Ends English civil war
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most of the information gathered during this time period was tentative and not fully understood
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This failed to solve the problems of religion and the relationship between king and parliment
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hurt the united provinces
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stipulated that only church of england members could vote, hold office, preach, teach, attend universities, pr assemble, but their restrictions could not be enforced
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Gained control of some flemish towns and all of franche-Comte
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the church of england established charity schools to instruct the children of the poor
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He then destroyed Protestant churches and schools Many protestants fled the country
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he formulated a set of mathematical laws to explain motion and mechanics
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tied the crucial knot betwee the scientific revolution and a new outlook on life
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established the principle law that was made in parliment, that parliment had to meet at least every three years, that elections were to be free of crown interference, and the judiciary was able to be independent of the crown
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polands fate in he 18th century demonstrated the dangers of failing to build a strong absolute state
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Charles VI had to restore many of their traditional privileges after rebellion led by Rakoczy
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he was a catalyst of the english reformation and he formed a religious groups that later became known as Methodists
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it was formed by a union of england and scotland they took the lead in a great expansion in world trade
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Russians gained control of the baltic sea
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This stated that the possessions should never be divided
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tied the crucial knot between the scientific revolution and a new outlook on life
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other countries in the eighteenth century
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he was virtually imprisoned and was forced o watch his friend get beheaded
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It was done in hopes to expand prussia into a great power by seizing Silesia
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decreed a 5 percent income tax on every individual regardless of social status
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It was easier to yield the attraction of the opposite sex and fall in love
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It was an attempt to regain Silesia with the help of france and russia by maria theresa
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they were defeated by british forces at quebec
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called for greater love and tenderness toward children and proposed imaginative new teaching methods that also constructed rigid gender differences
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France and spain then pressured rome to dissolve the jesuits completely
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led her to reverse the trend toward reform of serfdom and give nobles absolute control of their serfs
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They were later revived after the french revolution
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they feared that the parents would roll on them and suffocate them
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in france this was widely viewed as part of a serious courtship
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they rented it to tenants who hired laborers
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dutch achievements in science, art, and literature were exceptional