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Period: to
Napoleon Response Period
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The First Treaty of Paris Concluded
The terms of the First Treaty of Paris, finished in May 1814, realistically recognized France's continued status as one of the great powers. -
Allied Powers reconvened in Vienna as Congress of Vienna
Worked to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Aimed to resize main powers so that they could balance off each other and remain at peace. -
Napoleon's Defeat at Waterloo
Napoleon's defeat signaled the end of the 100 days period, and finally exiled Napoleon until his death. -
Stirrings of Nationalism
After the settlement in the Congress of Vienna, the conditions were set for cultures and nationalities to develop an independent ideas of nationalism. -
David Ricardo's "The Principles of Political Economy"
In "The Principles of Political Economy", David Ricardo linked Adam Smith's ideas about the free pursuit of individual self-interest with Malthus's theory of population. -
Metternich and the Carlsbad Decrees
Metternich, the Austrian foreign secretary, persuaded the leading German states to issues the Carlsbad Decrees. This curtailed political meetings, censored the press & universities, & further limited the powers of legislative assemblies. This intervention was a setback for the development of liberalism in German states -
Political Disruptions during the English Depression
On this date, 60,000 men gathered at St. Peter's Field in Manchester to hear Orator Hunt. Local militia charged into the crowd, killing 11 and wounding over 400. The radicals named this the Peterloo Massacre. It symbolized governmental tyranny over popular rights. -
The Troppau Protocol was Signed
In view of the Spanish & Italian uprising, Austria, Prussia, & Russia signed the Tropau Protocol, agreeing to intervene against any sign of revolutionary upheaval. -
Restoration of the constitution of 1812 in Spain
In 1820 some of the middle class, led by army officers, overthrew the monarchy & restored the constitution of 1812. -
French Restored the Monarchy
In 1823, France, with its allies, used 100 000 troops to restore the monarchy & absolutism. -
The Death of Louis XVIII
After his death, Charles X, his brother, came to the throne. He favoured his aristocratic friends &, eventually, his extreme measures alienated influential members of the bourgeoisie who had originally supported him. -
Defeat of the Turks in the War for Greek Independence
European powers joined the Turk's naval forces & defeated the Turks at the Greek port of Navarino in 1827. -
Britain's Introduction of Steam Locomotion
In the 1830's Britain was introduced to the Steam Locomotive. Before this there was a boom in the continental Industrial Revolution with the construction of railroads. -
Greek Independence
The Greek's independece from the Ottoman Turks was recognized in 1830. -
Popular Uprising in France
Students, workers, & liberal politicians called for a popular uprising. On the streets of Paris, revolutionary barricades 15m tall appeared. The troops proved ineffective during the 3 days of riots & demonstrations. Charles X fled the country. -
The Factory Act
The Factory Act of 1833 legislated that workers were entitled to certain holidays throughout the year. Employers were reluctant to comply. -
The Zollverein Was Formed By German States
Political division, especially in Germany, hindered trade. The Zollverein, a customs union led by Prussia and formed by numerous German states in 1834, facilitated the flow of goods, which opened up the Rhine River as a major transporation artery. Although, transporation over land remained difficult. -
Slavery Abolished in the British Empire
On this day, the long held institution of slavery was ended in the British Empire. While blacks and other slaved races were still nowhere near equal, it was an important step for civil rights. -
The Mines Act of 1842
In mining communities, children were stunted in growth & reached puberty at an older age. Women, who hauled coal wagons to the surface even while pregnant, suffered miscarriages & internal injuries. This law prohibited the employment of women, & children under 10, in underground mines. -
Revolutions of 1848
Throughout 1848, revolutions arose in France, Germany, Austria, Russia, and the Italian region. The revolts tended to have very different purposes, but in the end, none of them succeeded. -
Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto
ith the help of Engels, Marx prouced one of the most influential pamphlets, "The Communist Manifesto". -
Rise of Louis Napoleon
In his campaign, Louis Napoleon linked the memory of his uncle ot the principle of popular sovereignity & to his own leadership. He announced, "The name of Napoleon is in itself a whole program. It means order, authority, religion, popular welfare at home, national dignity abroad. -
The Peace Congress
The Peace Congress held in Paris in 1856 accepted the Russian concessions & restored Paris as the diplomatic centre of Europe. -
Darwin's On the Origin of Species
This work gave rise to the ideology of Social Darwinism, as well as progressing biology past ideas of Lamarckian Evolution. -
Emancipation of Serfs in Russia
The serfs of Russia were freed on this date. over 22 million serfs were freed. This freedom might have eventually led to the rise of communism in Russia. -
The New Kingdom of Italy
The new Kingdom of Italy came into being with Victor Emmanuel II as its constitutional monach. Italy was still incomplete. Venice remained in Austrian hands, & Pope Pius IX still held the remaining papal states & the city of Rome. -
The Peace of Prague
The Peace of Prague brought an end to the conflict between Austria & Prussia within German confederation. -
Prussian Victory over France
Prussia's victory over France brought Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon) & his Second Empire to an end. It would ultimately mark the ascendancy of modern Germany as the dominant power in Central Europe. -
The Modernization and Unification of Germany & Italy
The Modernization of Germany & Italy The consolidation & unification fuelled by political leaders created modern Germany & Italy. This alterd the balance of power in Europe. -
The Treaty of Frankfurt
It imposed harsh terms: The provinces of Alsace & Lorraine were ceded to Germant; France had to pay 5 billion francs & endure German occupation for the 3 years it would take to complete the payment. -
German African Expansion
In Africa, Germany declares Togoland, Cameroon and Southwest Africa as protectorates. The British feel their interests threatened. -
British Expansion into New Guinea
Britain proclaims a protectorate over the southern coast of New Guinea and adjacent islands. The Germans turn northeastern New Guinea into a colony. The Germans are trading in copra and coconut oil. -
Berlin Conference
Essentially began the Scramble for Africa, allowing the European powers a venue through which they could expand outside of Europe, hopefully limiting wars within borders. -
Development of Internal Combustion Engine
In Germany, Karl Benz develops an internal combustion engine. It can run at 250 revolutions per minute. -
Resignation of Bismarck
For the sake of popularity, Wilhelm II does not renew Bismarck's anti-socialist legislation. As Wilhelm desired, Bismarck resigns. -
Germany's Social Democratic Party Reforms
Germany's Social Democratic Party advocates a variety of reforms: the 8-hour day; prohibition of child labor under the age of 14; government regulation of working conditions; the abolition of laws that restrict the right of people to assemble; direct suffrage by secret ballot; the election of judges; an end to laws that put women at a disadvantage as compared with men; a graduated income and property tax; free medical attention; a people's militia for defense; secularized public education; and n -
Dreyfus Affair
Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer on the French General Staff, was courtmartialed for allegedly passing secrets to Germany. While later proven innocent, this signaled the great antisemitism that was rising in Europe -
Period: to
Turn of the Century Period
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British obtain 99-year lease of Hong Kong
Britain obtains a 99-year lease of Hong Kong from the Chinese, giving the british a great trading port and city in which to funnel goods to and from China. -
Spain Releases Cuba
Spain fails militarily and grants limited autonomy to Cuba. The battleship USS. Maine is sent on a "courtesy" visit to Havana with words of friendship to Spain, which sends a naval ship to New York in exchange. The Maine blows up in Cuba's Havana harbor, killing 266. Spain's government is blamed. Spain denies the charge. President McKinley gives into passions, goes before Congress, asks and receives authority to send troops to Cuba. Spain refuses an ultimatum and the US declares war. -
Spanish-American Peace
Spain sues for peace. A formal peace treaty is signed in Paris in December. The United States acquires all of Spain's colonies, including the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. Cuba is recognized as independent. This essentially signals the end of what was once a great, Expansive empire. -
Open Door Policy in China
US makes plans to keep china open to all trade with all contries, so no power would have total control of the country. European powers comply. -
Sigmund Freud The Interpretation of Dreams
Sigmund Freud introduces his theory of the unconscious in respect to dream interpolation, and also discusses what would be descriped as the Oedipus Complex -
Beginning of Boxer Rebellion
The US, Japan and European nations send military forces to China to rescue people and to put down what the West calls the Boxer Rebellion. Filled with vengeful wrath, troops move through Beijing, attacking those they believe are Boxers. They injure and pillage the property of innocent Chinese. -
End of the Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol. In China, the Dowager Empress, Cixi, signs an agreement with foreign powers formally ending the Boxer Rebellion. Boxer leaders other than she will soon be executed. Chinese nationalism will, however, live on. -
First Nobel Prize Ceremony Held
It is the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. In Stockholm the first Nobel Prize ceremony is held. -
Lenin's What is to be done Published
In it he describes his elder in the socialists movement, the German Eduard Bernstein, 52, as having abandoned Marx's scientific socialism. Bernstein wants to update Marxism, taking into account Marx's failed predictions. Lenin is fervent and sees no failed predictions. -
Russia's Second Congress for Social Democrats
Russia's Social Democrats are having their Second Congress.They split into two factions: the Bolsheviks (majority) and Mensheviks (minority). The Bolsheviks believe that power must be taken from the ruling class in one sweep. The Mensheviks hope for progress toward socialism without a sudden and sweeping change as to which class holds power. The Bolsheviks are a majority when a crucial vote is taken after some Mensheviks walk out. -
German-British War Scare
German naval and military attachés in London are convinced Britain is going to attack Germany's navy. The German Kaiser, Wilhelm II, believes the attachés because of his British family's violations of etiquette. He believes that King Edward VII (who dislikes the Kaiser) wants war. Germany's navy, always mobilized, is waiting for orders to sail. The public is unaware of the war scare. -
President Roosevelt Organized peace for Russo-Japanese War
In response to a secret request by the Japanese, President Theodore Roosevelt resides over the treaty formally ending the war between Russia and Japan. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and railway rights in Manchuria to Japan while Manchuria is to remain nominally a part of China. The differences between Russia and Japan had been resolved by violence, but for his efforts a sentimental Nobel committee in 1906 will award Roosevelt the Nobel Peace Prize. -
Albert Einstein submits paper on Energy-Mass Equivalence
Albert Einstein, a clerk in a patent office in Bern, Switzerland, submits his paper to a physics journal, asking,"Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?" In this paper he develops an argument for what will be his famous equation E = mc2. -
Japan take over Korea as a Protectorate
Japanese troops have surrounded the palace of the Korean Emperor Gojong, but he refuses to sign a treaty that would turn sovereignty over to the Japanese. Under coercion by the Japanese, Gojong's cabinet signs what is to be known as the Japan-Korea Protectorate Treaty. Japan takes power over Korea's foreign affairs and military matters. -
Picasso's Beginnings of Cubism
Pablo Picasso finished his painting LEs Demoiselles d'Avignon, considered to be the first Cubist work. Picasso's work, as well as his peers and followers, began to spread, starting the cubism movement. -
Ottoman's Sultan's Power seized
The Ottoman Empire has not been keeping up with Western Europe in education, technology and military might. Young Turks influenced by study abroad have formed an umbrella group called the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP). With a significant portion of the army they overthrow the power of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, but they leave the sultan on his throne. -
Spanish Workers rebellion against Second Rif War
Workers in Barcelona and other cities in Catalonia have rebelled against Spain's call up of reservists to serve in Morocco, where Spain's colonial ambitions are being challenged by an indigenous revolt – the Second Rif War. The rebellion is crushed. -
Union of South Africa created
The British create Union of South Africa, the unification of four previously separate British colonies: Cape Colony, Natal Colony, Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony. The Union of South Africa is created as a dominion of the British Empire. -
Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty is signed
With no objection from Russia, the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty is signed. Korea's prime minister signs on behalf of Korea's monarch. The annexation will take effect in seven days, the 29th. Korea will become a Japanese colony with the name of Chosen. Japanese will run the entire government in Korea. Japan's government will declare the absorption of members of Korea's royal Yi family into Japan's royal peerage. -
French Government Fails
In France, Joseph Caillaux's government falls. He wanted good relations with Germany. Germany's standing up to France in "a manly way" last year was an embarrassment to Caillaux. France's new government will be led by Raymond Poincaré. The possibility of reconciliation between Germany and France has been lost. Poincaré is a hardliner regarding Germany and opposed to "internationalists" and pacifists. An arms race between Germany and France will begin. Another step toward the Great War of 1914 ha -
End of the Manchu Dynasty in china
The Qing dynasty in china abdicated the throne due to constant conflict. This marks the beginning of a period of Chinese subjugation, until its rise after WWII. -
End of Libyan War, beginning of First Balkan War
he war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, known in Italy as the Libyan War, is ending. The Ottoman Empire is losing prestige and an appearance of military strength. Montenegro sees opportunity and declares war against the Turks. The First Balkan War begins. -
Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire
Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire. Austria-Hungary is supporting territory held by Serbia and Montenegro to be given to Albania. -
Kaiser Wilhelm II offers Social darwinism as a reason to war with slavic peoples
The German emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II, views "Germandom" in a Darwinian struggle with Slavic people ("Slavdom"). Today he tells the Swiss ambassador in Berlin: 'we will not leave Austria in the lurch: if diplomacy fails we shall have to fight this racial war'. This furthers the split between the germans and the slavs. -
End of Second Balkan War
Bulgaria has been defeated militarily by the combined forces of Serbia, Greece and Romania. Delegates from Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece sign the Treaty of Bucharest, which ends the Second Balkan War. Romania is given a southern portion of the Dobruja region on the Black Sea, between it and Bulgaria. Bulgaria is granted a small portion of Macedonia and a strip of Aegean coastline including the port of Dedeagach (Alexandroúpolis). Serbia gains control over what had been norther -
A Serbian journal in Chicago suggests Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
A Serbian journal in Chicago editorializes on Archduke Ferdinand's proposed visit to Sarajevo in 1914: "Take holy vengeance! Death to the Habsburg dynasty!" Serb youths in Bosnia have been oppressed by Austrian authorities responding to Serb nationalism. Teenage boys in Sarajevo jumped at the opportunity to join a conspiracy to assassinate the Archduke. -
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
A Serbian nationalist assassinated the Austrian archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, & his wife at Sarajevo. Within weeks there was a full blown European & world war.