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Presence of the Celts during the era corresponding to the Iron Age.
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The Ancient Romans saw the Celts, especially the Gauls, as barbarians. They have such a negative opinion of them because there was a big cultural gap.
But it is mainly because they were at war with each other for centuries -
In the 1st century, there is a systematic campaign against them. The Celtic people managed to establish their homeland on the British Isles, lands.
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Britain became the Roman province of Britannia.
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Built by the Romans to push back the Picts.
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The Romans began to suffer heavy losses and their Empire started to decline – they left Britain and were replaced by another group of people, the Anglo-Saxons (people from Germany and Scandinavia) - We saw a rise on the English shores of Anglo-Saxons.
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Historians disagree over how the Anglo-Saxons arrived on the British shores –one hypothesis – they were invited/hired by a Welsh king – Vortigern – as mercenaries because he needed them to help him fight the Picts.
Apparently, they took advantage of the Roman retreat to seize power over the Celtic kingdoms. -
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The invasions of the Vikings were ruthless, they took place between the 8th and 9th century (looting, plundering, killing). Britain was attacked by these Vikings and sea people (pirates). Their job was to travel and raid territories around the world.
They were people from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark). They went to the European continent and the British Isles. -
This attack is very symbolic. It became an example of how brutal Vikings can be. The monastery was held in the highest regards and respect by everyone, the event was a great shock. It was seen as something unprecedented. It was so unheard of that the people thought that it was a kind of sign, of god’s anger. That God had sent out the Vikings to raid the place because people were not Christian enough. A retribution for sinning. This perception was later spread by the Clergy.
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If we look at where they managed to establish their rule, we see that it represented a large chunk of territory until they were pushed back to the North by King Alfred the Great. The southern border of Viking territory was established following a Peace treaty by King Alfred the Great (of Wessex) and the Danish leader/chief, Guthrum.
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(first proclaimed in 989)
In the decades around the millennium, a powerful church reform movement began to take root. And its representatives took an increasingly negative view of such practices as concubinage, slavery, etc.
The emergence of this reform movement coincides with the consensus to regulate war-fair: “the peace of god movement”. It urged for the protection of civilian life. As a result of these changes inside the church, the people were no longer targets during war. -
The king of Denmark, Cnut the Great, managed to seize the throne of England. His descendants ruled over the country until 1042 when Edward the Confessor (very faithful Christian) re-established Anglo-Saxon rule.
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Harold was killed at this battle by William on October 14th 1066, and after that, William became the king of England. The most powerful Anglo-Saxon noblemen gave him the crown at Westminster Abbey (build by Edward the Confessor), so this coronation is very strategic → to show that they were related – designed to establish a dynastic continuity.
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Rebellions during the winter of 1069, led by Edgar AEthling who was the last claimant to the English throne, he was from Wessex. He massively burned the land in Northern England and had the Danes and some Anglo-Saxons to rebel against the king. The massacring was so serious that it brought in its path a widespread hunger/famine since the lands were burned. They were called real genocide.
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With the arrival of the Normans, the entire country began to witness the arrival of castles (heavy networks of castles) in their landscapes. It wasn’t only about aesthetic, they had a strategic function.
It was to keep the peace and also to serve as administrative centres. The first castles built were in Hastings and in Pevensey, port towns, to protect the harbours from attacks.
The most famous castle of all was the tower of London. -
Decision of William I in 1086, which later led to the gradual implementation or adoption of the feudal system on the British Isles.
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It was decided to conduct a very thorough survey in 1086, a list of all ownership of the land, how much land there was, how much he could requisition, how many soldiers he could mobilize. The survey had been a first at the time, and the people saw this list as being almost strange, supernatural. People had now a channel through which they could put out complains and demands of the people to the king(s).
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The beginning of a clash between the Church and king John.
Steven Langton, who had been chosen by the Church, was a strong supporter of the barons against the king; There is a start of an alliance, resistance, between the Church and the barons. King John refuses to accept Langton, and in retaliation, the pope imposed a sentence of “interdict”. He excluded, stopped all the sacraments rights in England. -
The barons/vassals of Brittany, under the jurisdiction of the English king, rebelled because they disagreed with his policies, with the support of the French king, Phillip Augustus.
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A very important battle, that King John lost.
The loss of this major battle confirmed that the king of France was the rightful king of Brittany and Normandy. This loss was very significant because king John lost these lands. -
A group of barons came together and invited the king to a meeting. They come with a list of complaints, and the charter of liberties
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The barons ask the king to acknowledge this charter of liberties, but the king refuses to hear to reason and is now faced with an open rebellion of the barons, taking over the city of London.
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It was a charter that layed down the rights, which were granted by the king to the barons. It was a contract passed by the barons and King John. A legal precedent in terms of constitutional rights.
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Prince Louis mobilizes an army and sails to England despite the fact that he hasn’t got the approval of his father or the Church, and wages war on the English kingdom. He managed to take half the territory of the English kingdom. In London, he is seen as the next king. He is proclaimed as king by these rebellious barons in England, but he is never actually crowned.
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Louis’s army is finally beaten at the battle of Lincoln in 1217. As a result, Louis is obliged to make peace on English terms and signs the treaty of Lambeth, which acknowledges that he has never been the rightful king of England. It lead to the departure of the French from English territory.
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It was first used in 1236, although at that time it was merely a new
name for the King’s council. -
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The backdrop to the Magna Carta is partly the increasing diplomatic tensions between England and France, which would lead to the hundred years war.