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3100 BCE
Unification of Lower and Upper Egypt By King Narmer
For centuries, Upper and Lower Egypt were two separate social and political entities, divided by the many branches of the Nile River and its surrounding . Thus, the pharaohs were known as the rulers of the Two Lands, and wore the pschent, a double crown, each half representing sovereignty of one of the kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian now believed to be the same as Narmer, as the king who united Upper and Lower Egypt. Narmer Palette depicted wearing the Red Crown and the White crown -
Period: 3000 BCE to 2300 BCE
MESOPOTANIA : Sumerian Period
The Sumerians were the people of southern Mesopotamia whose civilization flourished between c. 4100-1750 BCE. Their name comes from the region which is frequently – and incorrectly – referred to as a “country”. Sumer was never a cohesive political entity, however, but a region of city-states each with its own kingNo, the Sumerian civilization did not exist during the Paleolithic Period, since this era ended around 10,000 BCE and Sumerian civilization did not... -
Period: 2700 BCE to 2200 BCE
EGYPT: Old kingdom
The Egyptians divided their own history into 31 dynasties, and modern historians have further grouped these dynasties into three main periods: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. The Old Kingdom, the first of these periods, was the strongest in terms of the centralization of the government. The pharaoh held a tight control over his subject Of which province they were from and ruled over. The Old Kingdom is most famous as a time when many pyramids were built. -
Period: 2300 BCE to 1800 BCE
Mesopotania: Akkadian Empire
Around 2300 BC Sargon the Great rose to power. He established his own city named Akkad. When the powerful Sumerian city of Uruk attacked his city, he fought back and eventually conquered Akkadian Empire was an ancient Semitic empire centered in the city of Akkad, which united all the indigenous Akkadian speaking Semites and Sumerian speakers under one rule. The Empire controlled Mesopotamia, the Levant, and parts of Iran. Map of the Akkadian Empire. -
Period: 2050 BCE to 1720 BCE
Egypt: Middle Kingdom
The Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) is considered ancient Egypt's Classical Age during which it produced some of its greatest works of art and literature. Scholars remain divided on which dynasties constitute the Middle Kingdom as some argue for the later half of the 11th through the 12th, some the 12th to 14th, and some the 12th and 13th. Middle Kingdom lasted from approximately 2040 to 1782 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II. -
Period: 1800 BCE to 1350 BCE
Mesopotania: Babylonian Empire
Babylonia was a state in ancient Mesopotamia. The city of Babylon, whose ruins are located in present-day Iraq, was founded more than 4,000 years ago as a small port town on the Euphrates River. It grew into one of the largest cities of the ancient world under the rule of Hammurabi
Facts Babylonians
Nebuchadnezzar had a moat built around the city of Babylon for defense.
All that remains of the city of Babylon is a mound of broken mud buildings about 55 miles south of Baghdad Iraq. -
1750 BCE
Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi was one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes and was proclaimed by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, who reigned from 1792 to 1750 B.C. Hammurabi expanded the city-state of Babylon along the Euphrates River to unite all of southern Mesopotamia. The Hammurabi code of laws, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice. -
Period: 1550 BCE to 1069 BCE
Egypt: New kingdom
The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the sixteenth century BC and the eleventh century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasties of Egypt During the New Kingdom, Egypt reached new heights of power and wealth. The territory ruled by the pharaohs expanded into new frontiers in the south, west and east .The Hyksos and founded the New Kingdom. -
Period: 1350 BCE to 612 BCE
Mesopotania: Assyrian Empire
The Assyrian Empire was a collection of united city-states that existed from 900 B.C.E. to 600 B.C.E., which grew through warfare, aided by new technology such as iron weapons
The Assyrians had several advantages that they had been developing for generations while other empires came and went. They were the first in the area to develop iron weapons, which were superior to the bronze weapons their enemies were using. -
Period: 753 BCE to 509 BCE
ROME: Monarchy
istorians call this era the “Hellenistic period.” (The word “Hellenistic” comes from the word Hellazein, which means “to speak Greek or identify with the Greeks.”) It lasted from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C. until 31 B.C., when Roman troops conquered the last of the territories that the Macedonian king had once .
According to legend, the first king of Rome was Romulus, who founded the city in 753 BC upon the Palatine Hill. Seven legendary kings are said to have ruled Roman . -
Period: 750 BCE to 500 BCE
Greece: Archaic Period
The term Ancient, or Archaic, Greece refers to the years 700-480 B.C., not the Classical Age (480-323 B.C.) known for its art, architecture and philosophy. Archaic Greece saw advances in art, poetry and technology the age in which the polis, or city-state, was invented
The Archaic period saw developments in Greek politics, economics, international relations, warfare, and culture. During this time, the Greek alphabet developed, and the earliest surviving Greek literature was composed. -
Period: 715 BCE to 31 BCE
Egypt: Late Period
The Late Period of Egypt (525-332 BCE) is the era following the Third Intermediate Period (1069-525) and preceding the brief Hellenistic Period (332-323 BCE) when Egypt was ruled by the Argead officials installed by Alexander the Great prior to the rise of the Greek Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30 BCE) the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great and establishment of the Ptolemaic dynasty by his general Ptolemy I Soter -
Period: 612 BCE to 539 BCE
Mesopotania: Neo– Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Ancient civilization located in Mesopotamia that existed between 912 and 612 BCE. Known for their incredible military strength, technological innovation, and sophisticated government, the Neo-Assyrians created the largest empire the world had seen at that timeThe Assyrians had several advantages that they had been developing for generations while other empires came and went. They were the first in the area to develop iron. -
Period: 509 BCE to 27 BCE
Rome: Republic
The Roman Republic describes the period in which the city-state of Rome existed as a republican government, from 509 B.C. to 27 B.C. Rome's republican government is one of the earliest examples of representative democracy in the world.
According to Roman tradition, the Republic began in 509 BCE when a group of noblemen overthrew the last king of Rome.Rulers who had many of the same powers as the king but were elected to serve one-year terms. -
Period: 500 BCE to 323 BCE
Greece: Classical Period
The Classical Age (500-336 BC) The Classical Period of ancient Greece was a time when the Greeks achieved new heights in art, architecture, theater, and philosophy. Democracy in Athens was refined under the leadership of PericlesDuring the Classical Period, political revolutions in America and France overthrew oppressive kings and established in their place governments run by common people. The balance of classical architecture seemed to be perfect for the new America and France. -
490 BCE
Battle of Maraton
The Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C. was part of the first Persian invasion of Greece. The battle was fought on the Marathon plain of northeastern Attica and marked the first blows of the Greco-Persian War. With the Persians closing in on the Greek capitol, Athenian general Miltiades took command of the hastily assembled army. Miltiades weakened the center of his outnumbered force to strengthen its wings, causing confusion among the invading Persians. -
480 BCE
Battle of Thermopiles
Battle of Thermopylae, (480 BCE), battle in central Greece at the mountain pass of Thermopylae during the Persian Wars. The Greek forces, mostly Spartan, were led by LeonidasThe Battle of Thermopylae’s political origins can be traced back to Xerxes’ predecessor, Darius I (the Great), who sent heralds to Greek cities in 491 BCE in the hopes of persuading them to accept Persian authority. This offended the proud Greeks greatly; the Athenians went so far as to toss the Persian heralds -
480 BCE
Battle of Salamis
Battle of Salamis, (480 BC), battle in the Greco-Persian Wars in which a Greek fleet defeated much larger Persian naval forces in the straits at Salamis, between the island of Salamis and the Athenian port-city of Piraeus. By 480 the Persian king Xerxes and his army had overrun much of Greece, and his navy of about 800 galleys bottled up the smaller Greek fleet of about 370 triremes in the Saronic Gulf.The Battle of Salamis was the first great naval battle recorded in history. -
432 BCE
Construction of the Parthenon
The Parthenon is one of the most iconic structures in the history of Western civilization. It stands in splendor on Acropolis Hill in Athens as it has for 2,500 years. Experts believe that the ingenuity of the Parthenon’s construction has allowed it to miraculously survive the ravages of time, nature, and mankind During the invasion of the Persians into the Athenian territory, they destroyed the Older Parthenon which was another reason why the Athenians constructed the Parthenon. -
Period: 323 BCE to 31 BCE
Greece: Helenistic Period
Introduction. The three centuries of Greek history between the death of the Macedonian king Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.E. and the rise of Augustus in Rome in 31 B.C.E. are collectively known as the Hellenistic period .Historians call this era the “Hellenistic period.” (The word “Hellenistic” comes from the word Hellazein, which means “to speak Greek or identify with the Greeks.”) It lasted from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C. until 31.BC -
202 BCE
Battle of Zama
Battle of Zama, (202 BCE), victory of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. The last and decisive battle of the Second Punic War, it effectively ended both Hannibal’s command of Carthaginian forces and also Carthage’s chances to significantly oppose Rome.Afterwards, Hamilcar went to the Carthaginian-held regions of Spain – ostensibly to take control of the silver mines there to pay Carthage's debt to Rome -
Period: 110 BCE to 750 BCE
GREECE: Dark Age
The Greek Dark Age is the interval between the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, around 1200 BCE, and the Greek Archaic Period, around c. 800 BCE. The Dark Age era begins with a catastrophic event: the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, when all major Mycenaean regional centres fell out of use after suffering a combination of destruction and abandomental Greece. This period is called the Dark Age because the palaces that ruled the Mycenaean age collapsed -
44 BCE
Assassination of Julius Caesar
On March 15, Julius Caesar was stabbed to death in Rome, Italy. Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic, and his assassins were Roman senators, fellow politicians who helped shape Roman policy and government
The death of Julius Caesar ultimately had the opposite impact of what his assassins hoped. Much of the Roman public hated the senators for the assassination, and a series of civil wars ensued. In the end, Caesar’s grandnephew and adoptive son Octavian -
31 BCE
Battle of Actium
Battle of Actium, (September 2, 31 BC), naval battle off a promontory in the north of Acarnania, on the western coast of Greece, where Octavian (known as the emperor Augustus after 27 BC), by his decisive victory over Mark Antony, became the undisputed master of the Roman world. Antony, with 500 ships and 70,000 infantry, made his camp at Actium, which lies on the southern side of a strait leading from the Ionian Sea into the Ambracian Gulf. Octavian, with 400 ships and 80,000 infantry -
Period: 27 BCE to 476 BCE
Rome: Empire
The Roman Empire was founded when Augustus Caesar proclaimed himself the first emperor of Rome in 31BC and came to an end with the fall of Constantinople . An empire is a political system in which a group of people are ruled by a single individual, an emperor or empress
Due to the Roman Empire's vast extent and long endurance, the institutions and culture of Rome had a profound and lasting influence on the development of language, religion, art, architecture, literature, philosophy...