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Italian painter considered to be I one of the original renaissance artists. Born in Florence.
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Era of revival of arts, science, and economy in Europe. Began in Florence.
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Italian poet and scholar. Considered to be one of the earliest humanist. Developed the idea of the "Dark Ages."
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Notorious French King known for his autocratic style leadership following war with England. Had to put down several rebellions as a result of his policies.
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Early renaissance sculptor famous for his incorporation of developments in perspective illusionism.
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Famous explorer known for his expansion of trade routes for Portugal. Explored much of West Africa and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Extremely well known renaissance man. He was an artist, scientist, inventor, engineer, sculptor, musician, and writer. Be represented the idea of humanism.
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Allows for rapid transfer of information. Increases literacy and knowledge of the world for many. Also allowed for books to be mass produced.
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First Monarch of the House of Tudor. Restored much of England's political system and economy. Last king of England to win his throne through battle.
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Roman Catholic preacher from Germany. Well known for his attacks on Heresy and for becoming the Grand Commisioner for Indulgences.
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Italian politician, diplomat, and writer who is most well known for his political writings such as "The Prince." He's focused on the idea that leaders must be willing to do anything in order to secure their power and influence. Essentially created a handbook for tyrants.
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Italian sculptor. Painter, engineer, and writer of the high renaissance. He was an example of the "Renaissance man" for his various skills. Famous artwork includes the statue of David.
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Italian painter and architect of the high renaissance. Known for his detailed depictions of human form.
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Catholic preacher who became a stong protestor of the church's views particularly concerning indulgences. Key figure of the Protestant Reformation.
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Leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. Nearly caused a war with Catholics in Switzerland and was eventually killed after attempting a food blockade.
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King of England. Separated from Roman Catholic church to found the Church of England. Known for his brutal methods of rule.
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Granada conquered, Christopher Columbus explores New World, Majority of Jews expelled from Spain
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Time period in which Portugal led the world in exploration and trade. Explored much of Africa and Atlantic islands.
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Time period in which Spain explored much of the western world. Some of the first explorers to move west through North America.
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King of France known as a patron of the arts. Strong supporter of Italian artists that were part of the Italian Renaissance.
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France invaded the Italian peninsula. Triggered by a refusal to pay dues to the pope.
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Revival of culture and wealth in European nations near the Alps. Heavily influenced by Italian Renaissance.
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Monarch who desired to unite all of Europe under one Christian faith. Plans were halted by the resistance of France and England as well as the Protestant Reformation.
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French Protestant reformer and founder of Calvinism. Views similar to Martin Luther.
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Famous painting by the artist Raphael. Shows connection of art to the Classical Age. Faces of other great artists can be seen in the painting.
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Written by Niccolo Machiavelli. Philosophy concerning the necessity for absolute rule.
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Roman Catholic Saint and theologian. Outspoken opponent of the Protestant Reformation.
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Martin Luther posts his 95 theses on the church door, marking a starting point for the Protestant reformation. Pointed out flaws in the Catholic Church.
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Major reform movement in the Christian church which gave birth to Protestantism and left a permanent divide in the church. Originated from the protests of people such as Martin Luther and John Calvin.
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The reform ideas of Martin Luther triggered a massive spread of the new branch of Christianity. Focused on faith as a means of salvation. Spread through Scandinavia and other countries in the region.
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Differed from Lutherans on the presence of Christ in the Eucharist. Spread to many of the same areas of Northern Europe as Lutheranism.
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Offered an alternative explanation to the idea of a geocentric universe. Earth was round and revolved around sun. Earth was not center of the universe.
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Reform in Catholic Church beginning with Council of Trent. In response to Protestant Reformation.
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Council aimed at reforming the Catholic church. This came in response to the Protestant Reformation.
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Franciscan Friar, known for world travels. First person to circumnavigate the world twice.
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Peace treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League (alliance of Lutheran princes). Ended religious struggle and made the legal division of Christendom in the Holy Roman Empire.
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Spanish fleet assigned as an escort for Flandish invaders planning to invad England. Spain wanted to participate to help protect their interests in the Netherlands. Fleet was attacked and scattered, eventually leading to defeat prior to an invasion.
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Gave back many rights to French Protestants, despite the nation remaining mostly Catholic. Early example of a separation of church and state. Attempted to make citizens more equal.
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Elizabeth I dies after falling ill. James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England by taking the crown.
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War between France and Habsburg Powers primarily. Included most major powers. Started initially over religious divide but became a power struggle.
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Charles I accused of treason for pursuing his own interests over those of the nation. Executed by beheading.