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Strayer says the feudalism of the north (France) was virtually nonexistent in Languedoc (Strayer calls it Occitania) and primogeniture was not the hereditary rule. At the death of the father, properties were split up amongst the sons, and the wealth and power of successive generations diluted. Often, the loss of noble wealth and power was augmented. One means was to become a member of the Roman Catholic clergy and the other was commerce.
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During the Crusades, when Saladin became sultan of Egypt, one of his early projects was to organize an army to defend his new lands. Among his army was a personal bodyguard of 500 yellow-clad Mamluks. These were mercenaries: Kurds, Turks, and Arabs or Bedouin nomads.
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William Wallace Scotland's greates natinal heroes, Scottish Resistance forces, successful struggle to free Scotland from the english rule at the end of the 13th century.
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Hawley had formed the view in the 1715 Jacobite rising that the highlanders would not stand against cavalry. The royal army formed facing the rebels on the moor with the three regiments of dragoons in
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The execution of the hero of the Scots Wars of Independence, Sir William Wallace, by being hanged, drawn and quartered at Smithfield, London.
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France’s King Philip IV owed a sizeable sum of money to the Knights Templar, the class of warrior-monks that functioned both as a powerful fighting force during the Crusades and a complex multinational lending network.
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Roger Mortimer became Early day of March in 1328 and set about enriching himself with just as much rapacity as the Despensers had displayed. Too greedy for personal gain to finance a war with Scotland, he and Isabella agreed to a "Shameful Peace" in the Treaty of Northampton (1328.)
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The first part of the Hundred Years War with England had ended with France recovering all the territory won by Edward III and the Black Prince after their many victories, of which Crecy and Poitiers were the greatest. By the Treaty of Bretigny in 1360, only the cities of Bordeaux, Bayeux and Calais remained in English hands and a wise monarch, Charles V, ruled the country.
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Richard lived at a time when civil war was rife in England with the War of the Roses, pitting the White Rose of York against the Red Rose of Lancashire. Richard was of the House of York, as was his elder brother and incumbent King Edward IV.
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The Wars of the Roses Federation ,Battle of Blore Heath 1459 in September located at Blore Heath Farm near Loggerheads, Staffs.August located at Bosworth Battlefield Visitors Centre near Hinckley
