-
Thanks to the inventor of this lovely little ball, so many people today can enjoy the great game of golf.
-
The first piano was called a spinet.
-
-
He reigned during the Great Schism of the West and partly due to him that the schism continued as long as it did. Before his election, Innocent agreed to abdicate his position on the conmdition that the antipope Benedict XII would also do the same. After his election, Innocent ignored Benedict and went on his own way.
-
He also reigned during the Great Schism. Pope Gregory, just like Innocent also agreed to abdicate as long as the antipope Benedict agreed to do the same.
-
In Britain, John Wyclif's England language bible has been published.
-
John Hus travels to the Council of Constance to propose his reforms for the Church. When he arrived and tried for heresy, he was burned at the stake.
-
His election served as an end to the Great Schism.There had been three Popes but after the Council of Constance there was only one true poipe and that was Martin V.
-
Pope Martin V orders John Wycliff's bones to be burned.
-
The Hundred Years Wars is still going on and in May, Joan of Arc defeats the English at Orleans. Then in August Joan enters Paris to take Paris back form the English.
-
He was mainly chosen to treat the cardinals less as servant of the papacy and more as partners when it came to making a decision in the Church.
-
Some of the Englishmen see Joan of Arc as an agent of the devil and she gets captured and burned at the stake.
-
He was the first of the Renaissance popes and is known as a Humanist Pope because of the resources he devotedto learning. He founded the Vatican Library.
-
THe Russian Orothodox Church becomes independent of the Patriarch of Constantinople.
-
This Italian architect developed the anemometer to measure wind speed.
-
Nicholas of Cusa was a Cardinal for the Holy Roman Empire. He is considered one of the great geniuses of the 1400's. He is recognized for spiritual, scientific, and political achievements in European history. He creates the spectacle for nearsighted people.
-
This war between England and France lasted 116 years on and off. Advances such as the longbow, and later rifles helped shift the momentum of the war back and forth between France and England.
-
Gutenberg creates the first movable type printing press. Gutenberg uses his new printing press to create the first printed version of the Bible.
-
He was one of the nephewsto Pope Alexander VI. He was really elected because he was old and the cardinals saw him as a safe pope.
-
He was a supporter of the crusades against the Turks. He called for a new crusade in 1458. This call ended any hopes for new military aid to the Holy Land.
-
He promised to end the practice of nepotism during his reigh. Also tried to end other reforms that were desighned to improve the Vatican.
-
Beginning in 1454, this war involved Poland and Lithuania and included an attempt to convert pagan Lithuanians to Catholicism.
-
This war is not especially famous, but it included one of the biggest ruling houses in Europe: the Hapsburgs.
-
Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile.
-
Beginning in 1464, this war involved an excommunication of Bohemia's King by Pope Pius II.
-
His first act was to encourage Fance,Spain,Germany,Hungary and Poland to pursue a new crusade against the Turks. The new crusade accomplished very little.
-
This was invented in Italy and Germany as most European countries were trying to gain a miltary edge in case they needed it.
-
Duke Ercole II of Este-Ferrara fought an alliance of the Republic of Venice and Pope Sixtus IV.
-
His papcy was one of the most wordly and corrupt on record. Bad things started because his election was due to the planning of Cardinal named Giuliano Della Rovere.
-
Leonardo da Vinci was a great Italian thinker, and he was one of the first people to make theories on flight.
-
This was the start of inventors being able to protect their own ingenuity.
-
This war was a dispute over the area of France called the Bretagne. French troops prevailed over Ducal troops.
-
Thanks to Martin, students worldwide can study geography of the world on a 3-demensional object.
-
Ferdinand and Isabella are paying for Christopher Columbus voyage to set sail for China heading westward. He ends up finding the Americas.
-
He had many mistresses and was a capable administrator. His unvle was Pope Calixtus III.
-
He returns from the Americas and one year later he sails to the Caribbean.
-
The Scot who invented this would receive praise from many adults around the world.
-
This was lasted two years and began in 1494 when King Charles VIII of France began to invade Italy. In the end, France gained Naples, but later were forced to retreat back to France and lose all land they had gained from the war.
-
In Scotland, children are required by law to attend school.
-
This was over control of Sweden, which Sweden claimed to be independent while Norway-Denmark still claimed control of Sweden under the Kalmar Union. Norway won this short war.
-
Toothbrushes first appear in China
-
Vasco da Gama reaches India.
-
This war took place in modern day Switzerland and was a dispute between the Swiss people and Emperor Maximilian I.
