• napoleonic wars

  • napoleon defeated at waterloo

  • congress of vienna meets to restore stability in europe

  • greek independence

  • liverpool manchester railroad opens

  • italy unifies

  • Queen victoria begins her reign in britain

  • potato famine in irland begins

  • major european war

  • revolutions of 1848

  • marx and engels publish the communist manifesto

  • crimean war

  • czar alexander II frees the serfs

  • bessemer process is invented

  • charles darwin publishes the origins of species

  • dynamite invented

  • britain grants canada self rule

  • french built suez canal opens in egypt

  • franco-prussain war

  • germany uniffies

  • dual monarchy of austria hungary

  • britain begins rule of india

  • czar alexander II is assasinated

  • major european war

  • european nations carve up africa at the berlin conference

  • dreyfus convicted of treason