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While Britain is becoming an industrial empire, it's citizens are impoverished by the many wars it has fought and lost.
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Britain makes Ireland part of a single British Kingdom. The Anglican church is recognized as the official church of Ireland. Catholics are ousted from public office.
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Ireland rebels against British Rule
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Napoleon sells French lands in America for $15 Million to support his war efforts. The Louisiana purchase.
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Napoleon Bonaparte goes to war against Europe
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Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself Emperor of France
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The King of Austria dissolves the Holy Roman Empire and abdicates the throne to Napoleon Bonaparte
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Napoleon defeats the combined Prussian and Russian armies in a great battle. He puts pressure on Portugal to boycott Britain but they hesitate. Napoleon invades Poland and the monarchy flees to Brazil.
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Napoleon installs his own ruler in Spain, leading to an uprising and eventual war between them.
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After an Austrian victory against Napoleon, Austria fails to capitalize and is subsequently defeated. Austria makes peace with Napoleon.
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With British trade at an all-time high, Britain comes to the aid of Portugal and the French are kicked out.
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The War of 1812 between America and Britain
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Paris is invaded by Russian and Prussian forces after Napoleon is decisively defeated by a British and Spanish force. Napoleon is Exiled to Elba.
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Napoleon escapes Elba and attempts to lead his men to victory again. He is defeated finally five months later at Waterloo.
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Wages in France begin a four decade decline
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Spanish citizens rebel and riot to depose the Monarchy in favor of a constitutional monarchy or a republic.
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America becomes the largest producer of cotton
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The United States buys Florida for $5 Million from Spain
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Austria, Russia and Prussia authorize French troops to enter Spain to destroy the liberal revolution there and re-establish the rule of Ferdinand VII. Ferdinand begins revenge killings that will revolt those who returned him to power.
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Mexico, interested in populating Texas, allows Stephen F. Austin to sell plots of land to settlers so long as they are of good character.
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1829 Mexico abolishes slavery in its territories, hoping to discourage migration into Texas from the United States.
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With China's great population growth, unemployment has risen and there has been a shortage of land, creating peasant unrest.
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Violence erupts across Germany. Rent, tax and military records are burned. People want bread or are annoyed by higher prices for food, military conscription, and the monarchal systems.
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In Warsaw, Polish soldiers revolt against Russian rule. the Tsar of Russia, and King of Poland, sends troops that overwhelm the rebellion.
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In an effort to represent the lower classes, parliament attempt to pass a bill to increase representation in the House of Commons, but it is defeated by the aristocrats. Riots erupt across Britain.
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Santa Anna massacres Texans at the Alamo, and is subsequently defeated by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto.
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France becomes the first European power to recognize Texas as independent of Mexico. Great Britain, Holland and Belgium do so months later.
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The Congress of the United States approves the annexation of Texas. Mexico breaks relations with the United States. President Polk sends troops to Texas.
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The war between Mexico and the United States ends with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The United States wins recognition of its possession of Alto California, New Mexico and Texas to the Rio Grande. Mexico is given a guarantee of rights for the people who had been living in these areas and loyal to Mexico.
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The 1848 Revolutions begin
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In the United States, Congress passes another Fugitive Slave Act, which mandates government support for the capture of escaped slaves. Protests occur in the northern states.
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The American Civil War
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The US Civil War ends with General Robert E. Lee and his officers surrendering their swords. President Lincoln is assassinated.
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In the United States, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution is ratified. This overturns the Dred Scott case. It entitles all persons born or naturalized in the United States to citizenship and equal protection under the law. Civil rights are not extended to Indians or anyone who has held office in the Confederacy.
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The war between Prussia and France officially ends with the Treaty of Frankfurt. Bismarck's success has enhanced respect among Germans for his authoritarianism as opposed to the liberalism of his critics. Bavaria agrees to unify with Prussia. France cedes to Germany Alsace and Lorraine, and it is not popular among the people there. French forces crush the Paris Commune, and as many as 30,000 "Communards" and innocent Parisians are summarily executed.