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The Ottoman Empire was founded by Osman after the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Their military was the reason the empire grew as much as it did and they concentrated their wars on the Christians. The Ottoman also facilitated trade and let people trade as long as they respected their authority. They did have a small war against the Portuguese but in the end, the Portuguese overpowered the Ottoman and gained control of some trading ports.
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The Songhai sought to expand their domain into the Sahara since their wealth came mostly from trans-Saharan trade.They faced a problem from Morroco who's rulers sent an expidition to stop them. In the end Morroco's army won. During the next 2 centuries both sides collected many slaves and because of the Songhai's defeat, the trans-Saharan trade weakened.
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It's also known as the African Slave Trade. The need for hard working laborers on plantations in the Americas brought many Africans. This was mostly in the area of Brazil and the Caribbean because the north relied on trade mostly. Because of this trade, most of these places have people of African disen in modern days. But it did cause the lives of many people that were taken into slavery.
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Henry the Navigator gave much emphasis to exploration, even though he never ventured farther than North Africa. He gave finding new places a great importance, and opened his own school of navigation in portugal to teach people how to gather information and how to navigate. He also contributed to the spread of christianity from all of his travels.
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Mehmed was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and was known for his attack on Constantinople. Because of this succesful attack, Constantinople fell afer an 1100 year rule. this made the Ottomans seem powerful.
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Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire in West Africa. It was during his rule when Songhai became more powerful than the Mali Empire. He was also the first ruler to allow both Muslim and non-Muslims co-exist, during a time where the co-existence of different beliefs was being challenged.
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He was the first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa all the way to the Indian Ocean. This was mainly because of wanting to find a faster trade route that doesn't go into Muslim land. Later on this influenced many other voyages like Vasco da Gama.
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The purpose of this voyage was to find a faster trade route to India to advoid Muslims, after the spanish inquistion. But instead, he found what is know known as the Caribbean. Columbus opened a new place to start trade with. This resulted in the Columbian Exchange
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The Columbian Exchange began soon after Columbus discovered the New World. During this time peoples, animals, plants, and diseases between the New and Old worlds were shared. The spread of disease killed many native americans who weren't immune to European diseases. However, it also benefitted both worlds greatly as well. It had introduced things like new agricultural techniques, better weaponry, and use of medicinal plants. It also brought new crops that made the people's diet more diverse.
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They were like the Ottoman Empire, even though they were rivals. They were Shi'ite Muslims, and they neglected the beliefs of Sunni Muslims. Most of their practices were spread throughout the Middle East to places like Baghdad. In the end they sufftered from Portuguese invasion. Its long time textle trade failed, bringing economic and political problems.
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He reigned from 1502-1520. He was the last Aztec Emperor during the conquest of Hernan Cortes. Moctezuma spread his empire through warfare This caused the creation of many rivals made of neighboring tribes.
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[1483-1546] He was a religious professor and also objected to the use of indulgences. He belived that people could earn salvation through faith and this caused a split in the church. Luther also inspired the Protestant Reformation. That lead to large amounts of changes on how people viewed the church in Europe.
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Both of the Spanish conquest started with the civilizations of the Aztec and Maya. These civilizations were both wiped out by the supierior weapons and dieases that the Spanish brought with them. They also belived that the Spanish were gods. The Spanish drained their reasouces, used them for labor, and helped start a world wide trade.
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[1520-1566] He was son of Selim the 1st, and was also know for commanding the assault on Christian Europe. Suleiman conquered Belgrade and later set sights for Vienna. His reign was seen as a golden age since the imperial government worked almost perfectly.
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The Mughal Dynasty was an empire on the Indian subcontinent ruled by Muslims who were direct descendants of Genghis Khan. At the height of its power, most of the subcontinent was under Mughal control. The “classic period” of the Mughal Dynasty began with Akbar the Great as their ruler. During this time, India prospered in its culture, economy, and religion. It was during the reign of Shah Jahan when the golden age of Mughal architecture occured and their unique style spread across India.
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This was one of the important councils in the Roman Catholic Church. They held meetings for how the people of the church would deal with the events that were occuring. This was proved important because they were involved in the counter-reformation from the results of the Catholic Reformation.
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[1509-1564] He quit law to study theology and became an influential Protestant leader. Calvin was inspired by Luther's teachings on how the church should act. He thought that the right to go to heaven or hell was predetermined and that human faith couldn't give salvation. Calvin also began governing committees that later became a seperate church.
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He was the emperor of the Mughal empire. He also gave much power to Hindus that was supposed to go to Muslims. Akbar created one of the biggest armies during his reign, and made the ecomomy stronger. He encourage trade and also got money from taxing the passage over to places like Mecca.Then he granted the Portuguese some power in ocean trade but in return they had to take Muslims for the pilgrimage without fee. Akbar helped the Portugese start controling some of the trade.
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The Tokugama Shogunate was the first to establish political unity and economic intergration in Japan. During this reign the military was adapted to the needs of the state, and more educated. By the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the Japanese had closely modernized themselves.
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[1564-1642] He built a teloscope and saw that the other planets weren't exactly spheres. Galileo discoverd that the moon had valleys and hills, and that sun had spots. He also descovered there were more planets. This caused a whole new point of view of how people viewed the universe and contributed to the development of more ideas and questions.
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The European countries participated in numerous international conflicts. In their search for more power monarchs spent vast sums of money and caused widespread devastation and death. One of the worst conflicts was the Thirty Years War. It caused long lasting depopulation and economic decline in much of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the war helped improve the armed forces of the European countries, making them the most powerful in the world.
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It was also known as the English Civil War and it was one of the first wars that wasn't very bloody. The Revolution began because King Charlies I refused to promise to stop ignoring the body's traditional rights and ordered some of them arrested. He was defeated and killed, then replaced by Oliver Cromwell. Greedy rulers caused the creation of the Bill of Rights and later caused England to become a Constitutional Monarchy.
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A Manchu family started the Qing Empire, even though there were little people of this decent. They had overthrown the Ming Empire. The majority of its people were]Chinese so slowly they started to adopt that same culture. Their main goal was to change China ecomomicaly and demographicaly. With the land they conquered they were able to establish many things in China untill the emperor was over thrown.
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A Ming general invited Machu leaders to assist his forces catch Beijing from the rebels. The Manchu pursue in the year 1644. They claimed China for their own and began a forty-year conquest of the rest of the Ming territories. In the end, the Manchu had acquired control of South China and included the island of Taiwan into imperial China.
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He ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from May 7, 1682 until his death. He decreased Russia's isolation and helped the Russian empire expand. He also helped Russia srtay away form its Asian cultures and connections.
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In 1690, John Locke argued that the governemtn was there to protect the people's rights and the peopel were allowed to rebel if the monarchs violated any of them. He also argued that rulers should be granted authority by the peopel, not devine right and that rulers should be subject to law. This led to a civil rights movement and a change in the government.
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The Russian Empire had small beggings, but had always seemed to have been moving backwards. For most of its time it had lived in a feudalistic way of life. It took many years for it to actually go forward. Peter the Great trying constantly to move it forward resulted in trade and separtation from their asian ties. It also resulted in changes from adopting many customs later on in wars.
