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Italian scholars used classic Roman and Greek literature to study poetry, grammar, history, and rhetoric. They emphasized education and believed in leading a meaningful life.
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Johannes Gutenberg of Germany was the first Europeans to pring books with the printing press. This aided in the spread of ideas and copying of the bible.
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Michelangelo was a brilliant artist and poet during the Renaissance. He painted frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel of Vatican.
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The Reformation was a reform movement due to charges that the Roman Catholic church was more interested in income than spiritual matters. Humanists wanted moral behavior returned.
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Thomas More was a Northern Renaissance writer who wrote Utopia in 1516. He criticized corrupt government and cliamed ownership of private property caused issues.
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Martin Luther was a monk who believed the only path to salvcation was inner faith in God, not good deeds. He created the 95 Theses, which criticized the selling of indulgences. He posted them on a church door.
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The Counter-Reformation was an attempt to re-focus the church on spiritual and moral matters. Doctrines were being made clearer and a major motive was to stop the spread of Protestantism.
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Ignatius founded the Jesuits in 1534, a religious order made to strengthen support of the church. They believed in achieving salvation by doing good deeds, and they vowed chastity, poverty, and obedience to the church.
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Calvin published The Institutes of the Christian Religion, a set of religious beliefs. He believed in predestination, the idea the in the beginning of time, God decided who he woyld save. They wre "the elect," and followed higher morals.
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Charles V attempted to stop the spread of Protestantism by sending his armies out against Protestant German princes. He failed to stop it, and the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 gave German rulers the right to choose the religion of their state.
