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Johannes Gutenberg became the first European to use movable type to print books. He used his printing press to print copies of the Bible.
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Printing press operated in England, France, Germany, Italy and several other Eurpopean nations. The books that these printing presses produced helped spread new humanized ideas to a large audience.
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Northern humanists argued that the Roman Catholic Church had lost sight of its spiritual mission, Their claims lead to a reform movement called the reformation.
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Niccolo Machiavelli writres the essay, The Prince. Machiavelli sought to describe government not in terms of lofty ideals but in the way it actually worked.
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Thomas More published, Utopia. Thomas More condemned governements as corrupts and argue that private ownership of property causes unnecessary conflicts between people.
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Martin Luther openly disagreed with many church doctrines. He claimed the Bible was the sole religious authority.
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Pope Leo X declared Luther a heretic. He excommunicated Luther from the Roman Catholic Church.
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Baldossare Castiglione published, The Book of the Courtier. It was the most famous book of the Renaissance.
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Henry Vlll defended the church against Luther's teachings. The pope had even granted Henry the title, "Defender of the Faith."
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Huldrych Zwingli died in battle between Catholics and protests. His work carried on by a French protestant named John Calvin.
