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In an act of concession, Henry III of England declaed himself a vassal of the French cron under Louis IX. For his allegiance, Henry was able to retain the lands of Gascony and Aquitaine.
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With the death of Charles IV, who had not fathered any children, the Capetian Dynasty in France came to an end. Rather than appointing Edward II of England, Charles' closest male relative, as the king of France, French Barons crowned Philip VI from the House of Valois.
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Edward II was murdered by the lover of his wife, Queen Isabella. Isabella's lover, Roger Mortimer, became the de facto ruler of England while Edward and Isabella's son, Edward III, was too young to rule. Eventually, Edward III had mortimer captured and killed and thus took over England.
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In 1333, England became embroiled in the Second Scottish War for Independence by attacking at Halidon Hill. Scotland was an ally of France at the time and Philip VI began to make plans to help Scotland with their conflict. England eventually won the war before France could intervene.
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In response to Edward III giving refuge to Robert III of Artois, a shamed advisor to Philip VI who commited forgery, Philip confiscated Aquitaine from Edward, and thus started the Hundred Years War.
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A war over who would rule over Brittany broke out in 1341. Englsnd decided to back the House of Montfort while the French backed the House of Blois. Battle of the Thirty
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Taking place in northern France, the Battle of Crécy ended as a decisive English victory. British longbowmen barrage the slower French crossbowmen and allowed for the British knights to take down the frazzled French lines.
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Following the death of his father, Philip IV, John II was named King of France.
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Edward III's son, Edward the Black Prince, handed France a defeat in 1356 at Poitiers. During the battle, the King of France, John II, was captured. He was released following the Second Treaty of London, which promised land and money to the British, but neither of those promises were kept. An Account ofThe Battle of Poitiers
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In 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny was signed. It gave Edward III Aquitaine, and in exchange, he was to give up his pursuit of the French crown. Following the treaty, Edward III's son, Edward the Black Prince, was named the Duke of Aquitaine.
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The deciding battle of the Breton War of Succession was the Battle of Auray. There, Montfort defeated Blois and the British-backed house took over Brittany.
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Following the death of Edward III, his grandson, Richard II, took the throne of England. Edward's son, the Duke of Aquitaine, had died before he could take the crown.
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In order to aid his ally, the Duke of Brittany, the Earl of Buckingham took an expedition to Calais in July 1380 and pillaged Nantes.
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Henry V began his campaign in France in 1415 when he landed in Harfleur in northern France. That same year, He went on to win a large victory against the French in Agincourt Historians Reassess Battle of Agincourt
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Continuing his campaign in France, Henry V won a decisive victory in Caen. As he proceeded with his army, the French decame more and more desperate and fearful.
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In January 1419, Rouen surrendered to Henry V. With the fall of Rouen came the fall of Normandy to the British as well. Impressed by their display of power, Burgundy joined the British forces.
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In 1420, Henry V and Charles VI sign the Treaty or Troyes. Henry also married Catherine of Valois, thus bringing the houses together. Their son would be named the King of both France and England while Charles VI's son, the Dauphin, would not take the French throne.
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With the death of Henry V, Henry VI took the throne of England. On October 21, 1422, Charles VI died as well, leaving the throne to Henry VI. Although he was disinherited form the crown, the Dauphin, Charles VII, countinued to fight for the French throne.
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The Earl of Salisbury began his 7 month siege of the city of Orléans on the Loire River. England, for the most part, had been successful over the French during the war up to this point and the French were becoming desperate.
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Following the arrival of Joan of Arc, a peasant girl who believed she was given divine direction to help the French defeat the British, the French forces were able to expel the weakened British from Orléans . Joan of Arc Video
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Charles VII, the son of previous king Charles VI, was crowned the King of France at Reims Cathedral, thus deposing Henry VI from the French throne.
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On May 23, 1430, Joan of Arc was captured during an engagement in Compiègne. She was taken to Rouen to be tried and later be convicted of heresy.
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Joan of Arc, convicted of heresy in a Rouen court, was burned at the stake. Following her martyrdom, Joan was made one of the patron saints of France.
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As France started making swift gains against England, Burgandy switched from an alliance with England to an alliance with France. This was done through the Treaty of Arras.
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Having been almost completely pushed out of France, England made one last effort to hold onto French land. The Earl of Shrewsbury, John Tablot, engage the French forces at Castillion in Gascony. The French were able to repel the British, finally removing them form the country and bringing an end to the war. The only British stake in France was Calais in Flanders.
