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This is what pretty much started everything. The fall impacted the economy the most, the trade routs declined, and forced the people to barter, which resulted in the formation of the feaudal system.
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Justinian collected the ancient roman's laws in this book, which is still the base of most of the todays law system.
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Charles the Martel, by defeating the arabs at the battle of Tours, he was able to stop the arab invasion, and preserve christianity in Europe.
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After his coronation the so-called carolingian renaissance begun, in which a new writting system was introduced, the carolingian minuscule. The letters became smaller, because it was faster and saved up space, and with space between words, it was more legible. This is the kind of writting what we use now.
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After Charlamagne's empire wa divided into 3 parts, the kingdoms started to struggle, and the great carolingian empire just disappeared, but it is thought to be the establishment of Germany, and France.
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I think the people/believers must have been confused, because if there is 1 God who have to be worshiped, then why do we need 2 different church to do the same thing, so after the schism the power of the chruches must got weaker.
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During the crusades, different orders of chivalry fromed, and some of them are still works nowadays. Since it was created, and lead by the popes, their power increased significally during the wars. And also while they gained territories, they were able to spread christianty in some kind of bloody way, like during the Jihad.
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This kept the ruler within limits, so this can be considered as the firts step to the constitution.
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Besides the casual population decreasing, and economic problems what usually problem after a war, England lost most of its territory. And in order to keep up with the fight both sides had to increase the taxes, which resulted in the development of better tax system. New wepons were also introduced such as cannons.
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With the discovery of printing, books spread faster and easier, and people became smarter and more educated.