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martyrdom of the church's two greatest apostles forces church leadership into a new era
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Christianity and Judaism official broke since Christians fled from Jerusalem
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the work of the first major scholar/apologist, makes Christianity reasonable to thinking pagans
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wih his legal-trained mind, major writings that promote purity of life and doctrine
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Irenaeus's against Heresis leads the fight against the powerful Gnostic hersy
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made by Constantine I the Roman Emperor, Christianity no longer persecuted
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in his Easter Letters lists the current 27 books of the canon
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first great translation into Latin from the original Greek and Hebrew; later used to establish Roman Catholic Church authority when it becomes only official translation
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deeply damage Western Christians' relations with others, the breach between Eastern and Western Christians became wide and lasting, sparked pogroms against the Jews, and the crusaders' brutality worked only to make the Muslims more militant. on an economic level, however, the Crusades increased trade and stepped up Europe's economic growth. they also led to a greater interest in travel, map making, and exploration.
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Francis of Assisi renounces wealth in order to preach a simple, passionate gospel, and later founds the Franciscan Order
