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through his skill as a leader and warrior, Clovis united the Frankish tribes under his leadership, deafted the last Roman governor in Gaul.
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Conquest in France remained the obsession of the Frankish kings of England until the 16th Century. French names predominated among the nobility and the military classes; doubtless the Montgomery leading the British armies in the Second World War was a descendant of the Roger de Montgomerie who fought for the Conqueror.
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Emperor Henry IV called a meeting with the bishops and with their approval he sent Pope Gregory VII a letter ordering him to step down. Gregory sent a letter back excommunicating Henry IV. Henry asked for forgiveness to no avail
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The first crusade, which was from 1095-1099, was established in the Latin Kingdom of Jersualem.
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For a long time, Europe & Asia had the most constant warfare.
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The German-Italian empire was first called the Holy Roman Empire by Otto. The Holy Roman Empire remained the strongest state in Europe until about 1100. Although Otto tried to revive Charlemagne's empire, it caused much trouble with future German leaders
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the Church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff, symbols of the Church office. Yet the emperor had the veto power to prevent the appointment of a bishop. This was a compromise between Gregory & Henry
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Frederick angered many italians to make wars.
He used brutal tatics such as suppring italian merchants, & used personality and military skills to enable him to dominate the German princes. -
Foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted knights at the Battle of Legnano.
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The systems of German princes getting electing the king weakend royal authority. German rulers controlled fewer royal lands to use as a base of power than the French and English kings, who establishing strong central authority, These kings made changes in the legal system that would lay the foundation for modern unified nation-states
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This was in 1215, with King John. Tentants-in-chief made the rule that the king might not have to collect or recieve money of taxes.
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At the end of the middle ages, Latin was the vernacular language from law, business, government, education, and religion in Western Europe. But also, Latin was an living style.
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These were laws of the church.
There were two harsh punishments that offenders faced were interdict (denying people the right to practice their religion) and excommunication (denying people the right to be a member of the Catholic religion) As Christian's, the king's subjects believed that without sacraments, they might be doomed to eternal suffering in hell -
At the meetings of the Parliament, they approving tax bills, suggesting laws, and giving advice. Everyone came to a conclusion of if there was a new law or tax was to be constituted, it'd have to be passed by majority of the Parliament.
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Joan of Arc heard callings from God. As she would of said she had heard them from an angel, from God. The lights were on her right side, as the angel Gaberiel had told her to go to the English kings, to tell them to let her fight in the army. As they let her for being so determined, they had found out she was a girl during war, when she wa leader. They had not said anything because she was such a good leader, Yet, the other side, France, had found her, trapped her, and called her a herotic.
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When both Western & Easter Catholic churches split apart.
After, Western Catholic churches could finally get things under control in Councel of Contance. Then, they moved to Rome. Later, calling themselves the Roman Catholics. -
The church sought to influenced both spiritual and political matters.
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Otto was a replica of Charlemagne, & formed a close alliance with the Church. He also used his power to defeat unruly German princes. He started much conflict with people,
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