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Established when the Han Dynasty in China officially opened trade with the West in 130 B.C., the Silk Road routes remained in use until 1453 A.D., when the Ottoman Empire boycotted trade with China and closed them.
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-east/silk-road -
Although Trans-Saharan Trade started in ancient times, It grew massively in the 8th century.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade -
Indian Ocean Trade started in approximately 800 A.D.\
Source: http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/indian/ -
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In this time period, there was extensive of exchange across the Middle east, Asia, and South Asia. It was cultural exchange, material exchange, and ideological exchange (Including religious exchange). Many economies flourished, and merchant classes formed/gained power in many civilizations. From an environmental standpoint, this period primarily caused the spread of various forms of agriculture, and disease.
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The Mongol Empire started in 1206, and was founded by Genghis Khan.
Sources: https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongol-empire; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire; http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/Asiaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-Asia7.htm -
The Mongol empire broke into smaller pieces when Genghis Khan died in 1227, but the "Empire" didn't fall until 1368.
Sources: https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongol-empire; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire; http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/Asiaweb/factfile/Unique-facts-Asia7.htm -
Silk Road routes remained in use until 1453 A.D., when the Ottoman Empire boycotted trade with China and closed them.
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-middle-east/silk-road -
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The decline of Indian Trade occurred throughout the early 1500s.
Source: http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/indian/ -
Trans-Saharan Trade began to die out in the 17th century. It was almost completely dead by the turn of the century (the early 1700s)
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade
