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The steam engine helped power the Industrial Revolution. Before steam power, most factories were powered by water or man. Steam power allowed for factories to be located anywhere. The steam engine was used to spin and weave cotton, allowing efficient cotton production. It was also used for transportation, allowing goods to be transported quickly and efficiently. Locomotives and steamships allowed perishable goods to not wither, keeping their good quality and price. (New Technological Ideas)
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The Spinny Jenny revolutionized the process of cotton spinning and blew up the textile industry. The machine used eight spindles to spin eight threads at once. The idea of using it to increase the production of textile spread from company to company (exchange of new technological ideas). This resulted in quicker clothing production and the transition of the textile industry from home to factories. This contributed to the urbanization of the Industrial Revolution. -
The National Assembly was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate of the Estates-General. This marked the beginning of the third estate/peasants revolting against the unfairness of the social class system. It exchanged new philosophical ideas of not just mindlessly obeying their authorities but standing up for themselves. -
The Reign of Terror was a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution. France's revolutionary government ordered the arrest and execution of thousands of people. This led to the exchange of new technological ideas such as the guillotine (used for execution). New political ideas were also exchanged as France outlawed capital punishment and abandoned the use of the guillotine in September 1981.
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Napoleon created his civil code which exchanged new political ideas. He granted liberty and equality among men which was a step towards universal men suffrage. However, women lost all individual civil and political rights. His reign over many countries stirred up nationalism within countries in Napolean’s control. Instead of conservatism and giving loyalty towards their superior/emperor (Napoleon), people pledged their loyalty towards their countries instead. -
The Congress of Vienna was a peace plan for Europe to restore old boundaries and to resize the main powers. It strived to prevent major revolutions from happening in the future. However, liberalism and nationalism appeared throughout Europe as people believed that they should be free from government restraint (governments tried to restore the monarchy/old order). They believed that each country should have its own government instead of listening to a monarch that controls multiple countries. -
Railroads allowed locomotives to carry and transport goods throughout the country quickly & efficiently (decrease in the price of goods but increase in production). Since people were buying goods, they were distributed to many different markets. The bourgeoisie was happy that they can buy a lot of things with money. Socialists believed that the bourgeoisie oppressed the proletariats as the bourgeoisie owned factories & the lower class were the workers who relied on the middle class to get paid. -
The Provisional government was a short-lived government at the start of the French Second Republic. It created the political idea of universal male suffrage. After the overthrowing of King Louis Philippe, the government gave jobs to unemployed people which made them lose money. Thus, workshops were closed and caused anger amongst the people who revolted again. Therefore, this sparked the second French Revolution which influenced other countries in Europe to also revolt. -
The Trade Unions were workers who come together to achieve common goals, such as improving work safety standards, attaining better wages, and better working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by agreement among workers. The Unions organized strikes (workers stopped working) and negotiated with employers for better working conditions and pay for fewer working hours. This pressured the employers to give the workers what they wanted. -
This was certainly a new technological advancement. Since Thomas Edison’s reliable, long-lasting electric light bulb in 1879 (a new source of light), factories worked better at night as lightbulbs were better than lanterns which would burn out over time. This allowed factories to stay open longer and to produce more goods. Electricity also affected communication as telephones used electricity and wires to create long-distance communication.
