-
Period: 601 to 801
Gregorian chant
characteristics:
- monophonic texture
- modal scales and is in free time
-text in latin with a religious theme
-performed by male voices and alternates between soloist and choir, or between two choirs
example: https://youtu.be/kK5AohCMX0U -
801
Liturgical poliphony
medieval liturgical polyphonic forms:
-organum: https://youtu.be/6mYfzf5O8QY
-discantus: https://youtu.be/GiXsiLvB5Ms
-conductus: https://youtu.be/uLwzpeoPK7k -
801
Secular vocal music
secular monophony appeared around the 9th century . There are hardly any records of it.
-The composer is know
-Monophonic texture
-modal scales and rythmic modes
-composed to entertain , about secular or religious topics and in thev vernacular
-performed by minstrels in public spaces and in palaces -
Period: 992 to 1050
Guido d´Arezzo
was an Italian music theorist of the Medieval era. He is regarded as the inventor of modern musical notation (staff notation) that replaced neumatic notation. His text, the Micrologus, was the second most widely distributed treatise on music in the Middle Ages (after the writings of Boethius).
https://youtu.be/jo6trJ-sQ0k -
Period: 1101 to 1201
Rhythmic modes
a combination of 2 notes values was used: the long and the breve . These two notes values were combined to get six patterns , called RHYTHMIC MODES . -
Period: 1401 to
Renaissance textures
Renaissance music developed new textures for several parts combining them in differents ways
- IMITATIVE COUNTERPOINT: https://youtu.be/iOqHEw5Ll_8
-HOMORHYTHMIC HOMOPHONY: https://youtu.be/MA4inArolr0
-MELODY - DOMITADED HOMOPHONY: https://youtu.be/NWYGh9luFuk -
Period: 1401 to
Vocal music
RELIGIOUS VOCAL MUSIC :
motet https://youtu.be/cu7-RV7XB9k
mass https://youtu.be/QhJTMa8iq3I
chorale https://youtu.be/Fdw7K1DBPO4
SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC :
Spain :
-romance https://youtu.be/LlwHsWQrpEA
villancico https://youtu.be/9db4ocgfmCw
ensalada https://youtu.be/hyyQnX59T5s -
Period: 1401 to
instrumental forms
compositions based on vocal music
compiositions with a improvisational feel
variations -
Period: 1401 to
renaissance dances
pavane https://youtu.be/B10z9b_PRXw
galliard https://youtu.be/kM-eJ42lmGE
nranle https://youtu.be/XUkwLeNi_YQ
sarabande https://youtu.be/VF9v-6B_O0A -
Period: to
baroque music
It aimed to areouse emotions and make musical perfomances spectacular
It used contrasting elements and overlavorate melodies
It was based on the diatonic scales that we know
it had an insistent , mechanical rhythm with strong repeatd beats
the predominant texture was melody dominated homophony -
Opera
Libretto: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjB9a_8zu3fAhVCQBoKHe41CHUQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebay.es%2Fitm%2FHERMANN-C-Libretto-d-Opera-Musica-GALEOTTO-MANFREDI-Guasco-Teatro-Verona-1842-%2F322872891472&psig=AOvVaw2NhdjUQkAiLLRf0KAJSyR2&ust=1547567126631241
Italy; opera seria: https://youtu.be/DkuYvuWZ0ug
Opera buffa: https://youtu.be/aiNDcJ7x30w -
Instrumental forms
Fugue:https://youtu.be/FozNWcfOt6Y
Suite: https://youtu.be/AY533zpCw74
Sonata: https://youtu.be/v41BtvHa0Mk
Concerto: - grosso: https://youtu.be/RFUFWOx6760
- concertino: https://youtu.be/9zekP39Da3E
- ripieno: https://youtu.be/3smZkpqXYHs
- solo concerto: https://youtu.be/N-mA9OMP3DE -
OPERA
-plots were a closer reflection of the lives of the audience
-music reflected the dramatic action and characters
- chorus became more revelant
- orchesta grew and became more important -
ALBERTI BASS
It was based on a continuously repeating pattern. This consisted of arpeggiating the three notyes of each chord, alwas in the same order: lowest -highest- middle - highest -
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC
Woodwind : clarinet https://youtu.be/nENXs6n_ITI
Brass : French horn https://youtu.be/QSzURrJQAD8
Struck strings ; piano https://youtu.be/8Z5EjAmZS1o -
INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
Sonata : one or two soloist
trio , quartet , quintet : different chambles esembles
symphony: performed by the orchesta
concerto: performed y a soloist and a orchesta -
OPERA SERIA
mainly represented by the German composer Christoph Willibald Gluck He laid its foundations , with a three - act structure , mythological or historical plots , simple arias and more expressive recitatives -
OPERA BUFFA
Originated in Naples in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe . It used everyday situations for its plots , added some comedy or romance and used a lenguage that was easy to understand
MOZART : The magic flute https://youtu.be/02u4Jf_aNPI -
CLASSICAL DANCE
Modern ballet Characteristics
music was composed to serve the choreografy
body was used in a expresive way
costumes were adapted to the plot of the piece Masks and wigs dissapeared and costumes became more light and practical dancers became professionals / women started to perform in the official ballets -
AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
Was a reformist movement of the 18th century that defended the use of the light of reason to transform society the natural rights of humans and tolerance as a basics coexistence -
enlightened despotism
This was a political system in which absolutist monarch carried out a series of important reforms based on en.. ideas but without consulting the common people or
changing the social system of the time the fr put end to the old regime , characterised by an absolutist monarchy and a society divided into theclergy, the nobility and the common people -
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
-
Period: to
CLASSICAL PERIOD
between the early modern period and the late modern period which started in 1789 with the outbreak of the french revolution
In other arts is called Neoclassicism -
Period: to
MUSIC IN CLASSICAL PERIOD
characteristics It was balanced clear and bright without excessive ornamentation/it aimed to find a musical language to express formal perfection and universal beauty/ it used musical forms with well-defined structures and smooth transitions between its sections / it emphasised the melody, using short musical phrases that were symmetrical / the use of a simple harmony with clear breaks that gave a precise structure to the piece of music / the use of melody dominated homophony -
SONATA FORM
https://youtu.be/HzHS7QL-B-c
Exposition (A) - theme A / bridge / theme b / coda
Development (B)
Reexposition (A´) - theme A / bridge / theme B / final coda -
basso continuo
-
-
Period: to
ENCYCLOPEDIE
The spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was mainly thanks to the publication of the encyclopedie, edited by Diderot and D’Alembert. This work aimed to copole all the knowledge of the time but from perspective of reason. Great thinkers and scientist participated in the encyclopedie -
French revolution
End to the Old Regime , characterised by an absolutist monarchy and a society divided into theclergy, the nobility and the common people -
Period: to
Frederic Chopin
Born on March 1, 1810, in Zelazowa Wola, Poland, Frédéric Chopin, grew up in a middle-class family. He published his first composition at age 7 and began performing one year later. ... His piano compositions were highly influential. He died on October 17, 1849, in Paris, France -
Period: to
Clara Schumann
Born: September 13, 1819 - Leipzig, Germany
Died: May 20, 1896 - Franfurt, Germany
Clara Josephine Wieck Schumann was a German musician, one of the leading pianists of the Romantic era, as well as a composer, and wife of composer Robert Schumann. -
Period: to
Romantic Period
Romantic period (1820-1910) It´s related to the artistic movement of the same name that occurred between the end of 18th century and the middle of the 19th century . Was promoted by the bourgeoisie who had gained power and reacted against the ideas of the Enlightenment and neoclassical art. Defended individuality, subjectivity and creative freedom.
Music: https://www.classicfm.com/discover-music/periods-genres/romantic/romantic-music-beginners-guide/ -
SYMPHONIC MUSIC
Symphony orchestra : with over 80 musicians . Incorporating instruments like the bass , bass drum..
Symphony and concerto stood out
The four seasons by Vivaldi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRxofEmo3HA
Pastoral Symphony by Beethoven . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRg0K5rgXog
Programme music : aims to describe a programme or narrative inspired by extra-musical elements .Symphonie Fantastique by Hector Berlioz (1830) -
symphonic music 2
Programme symphony : a composition with a descriptive character consisting of several movements Symphonic poem : designed to be performed by an orchestra or a small instrumental ensemble . By Franz Liszt -
Romantic dance and ballet
The first Paris perfomance : La sylphide https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=feQoiYUuunE which brought the white tutu and pointe shoes into fashion .
Ballroom dances (waltz : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tRTVoN95miM) -
VOCAL MUSIC : Opera
Opera:
Italy (bel canto ): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uy4jAl6Phjg
France (grand opéra and operetta ) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fv2QJ8MTkwA
Germany (leitmotiv) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pgVwk3wauc -
VOCAL MUSIC: Zarzuela
-
VOCAL MUSIC : Lied
means song . Is a poem st to simple music , accopainied by the piano . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHe48dEar2A -
Romantic Period Piano compositions
The piano was the most important instrument of the Romantic period Developed technically and achieved a great expressive ability. Types of compositions :
-shorts pieces for solo piano https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KU3KglL3deA
-chamber music https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KoTfvaaiFc
-longer works https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGMv6kxZgUw -
Musical Nacionalism R.P
Russia : Pyort Ilych and The Five
Hungary: Bela Bartok . He started ethnomusicology( science study folk and world music)
Spain : Felipe Pedrell -
Instrumental music
Woodwind :
-bass clarinet :https://youtu.be/15u_IBVUtlA
-contrabasson https://youtu.be/QgNoTOgVxSg
-English horn https://youtu.be/Se6m-OEBms4
-Saxophone https://youtu.be/qND0ruxYKjM
Brass:
-Trombone https://youtu.be/8-fkvWFSeYc
-Tuba https://youtu.be/ilt6O8L9Tmg -
Instrumental music 2
Percussion :
-gong https://youtu.be/L6Jsojw5leM
-bass drum https://youtu.be/5vAf53J9Hjc
-snare drum : https://youtu.be/fmScf5i8dPw
- cymbals https://youtu.be/HZBVx9mTD4w
-celestahttps://youtu.be/10B3e3k6CVs
-marimba https://youtu.be/3v7QC6Bl_7E
-triangle https://youtu.be/psOPg1oprUU -
20th century music
https://youtu.be/--leBaulER4
Rebellion against harmony.
Liberation of harmonic functions.
Rupture of the own chains of the traditional harmony (new techniques of composition).
The major and minor tones were abandoned. -
Atonality and twelve-note technique
-
INSTRUMENTS OF THE 20TH CENTURY
theremin: https://youtu.be/
ondes Martenot: https://youtu.be/v0aflcF0-ys
synthesiser: https://youtu.be/nFOTNzW9gDM
samplen: https://youtu.be/RhzKbmIFWoU
vibraphone : https://youtu.be/qnhQ9IGT5sQ -
Period: to
Impressionism
https://youtu.be/eYOeH-EF00s
tone color, atmosphere, and fluidity were the most important characteristics to define Impressionist music. Most often represented by short, lyrical pieces, composers such as Debussy became prolific in this style from 1890-1920 -
Period: to
Expressionism
https://youtu.be/nPQkIdtr3lQ
a high level of dissonance.
extreme contrasts of dynamics.
constantly changing textures.
'distorted' melodies and harmonies.
angular melodies with wide leaps.
extremes of pitch.
no cadences.
