Timeline: HISTORY OF MUSIC

Period: 476 to 1453

INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

The Catholic Church only allowed the organ in liturgy and no other instruments. Most instruments were only used in secular music. Nobody wrote these compositionsdown, so we don´t have a faithful record of what they were like.

Period: 600 to 800

GREGORIAN CHANT

The Roman Catholic Church compiled its liturgical plainsongs. Gregorian chant was called in honour of Pope Gregory the Great

Period: 600 to 800

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREGORIAN CHANT

Monophonic texture, without instrumental accompaniment. -Use of modal scales and is in free time -The text is in Latin with religious theme. -Performed by male voices and alternates between a soloist and the choir, or between two choirs.

800

NEUMES AND NEUMATIC NOTATIONAL SYSTEM

They established rules of musical notation. The first symbols were called neumes and they were written on top of the words to show the changes of pitch. A neumatic notational system was used on a four-line stave.

800

LITURGICAL POLYPHONY

A second voice was added to plainsong and polyphony was born.

800

SECULAR VOCAL MUSIC ( CHARACTERISTICS)

Monophonic texture with instrumental accompaniment
It uses modal scales and rhythmic modes. -Designed for fun or entertainment
It´s writtten in the local language.
It´s performed by male and female voices.

Period: 800 to 1200

MINSTRELS AND GOLIARDS

-Minstrels: Musicians who played secular music. They had two functions Some of them performed in village or city to entertain the people, and court misntrels were part of the court in palaces. -Goliards: They wrote poetry in Latin, which was often satirical or critical of the Church.

Period: 800 to 1200

MENSURAL NOTATION AND MEDIEVAL LITURGICAL POLYPHONIC FORMS.

Musical notation was also envolving, because a more precise system was needed to write the rhythmic richness of the more complex polyphony ( Mensural notation) Polyphonic forms: -Organum: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QH71sxmG9wY
-Discantus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTaCjhIxO4s
-Conductus: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t59qIY3i5c

Period: 800 to 1200

SONGBOOKS

The songs of minstrels were written in songbooks. One of the most common is the Cantigas de Santa María from the reign of King Alfonso X the Wise.

Period: 992 to 1050

GUIDO D´AREZZO

He was a teacher in the cathedral school in Arezzo, Italy. As well as inventing the Guidonian hand, he created the four-line stave and gave the notes the names that we stil use today. To do this, he used a hymn dedicated to Saint John the Baptist called Ut Queant Laxis.

Period: 1453 to 1789

Renaissance Secular Vocal Music

Italy: - madrigal. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q_o1xDJyiOU
Inglaterra: - songs.
France: - chansons.
Spain: -romance.
- villancico.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9db4ocgfmCw
- ensalada.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCTaLuLPfX4

Period: 1453 to 1789

Religious Vocal Music

-Motet. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNbVNVCw-to
-Mass.
-Chorale. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOTY2AnN62s

Period: 1453 to 1789

Instrumental Vocal Music (RENAISSANCE)

-Compositions based on vocal music (tiento). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBAEIewAvvg
-Compositions based on improvational feel (toccata) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLlQWVwlSjM
-Variations (differencias).

Period: 1453 to 1789

Renaissance textures.

1º) Imitative counterpoint: Several independent melodic lines imitate each other, but they start at diferent times. The simplest one is the canon. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOqHEw5Ll_8
2º) Homorhythmic homophony: Several similar melodic lines that move simultaneously. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZGaZtR4LbA
3º) Melody-dominated homophony. There is a main melodic line that can be identified clearly, with a harminic accompaniment. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_RgClsrWBLY

Period: 1483 to 1546

Martin Luther

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhn8TDQoS00

Period: 1600 to 1750

BAROQUE MUSIC CHARACTERISTICS

Arouse emotions -Contrasting elements and overlaborate melodies
Based on diatonic scales
Insistent rhythms with repeated beats
Texture: melody-dominated homophony

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NutCfBXAFCw

Period: 1600 to 1750

Basso Continuo

It was composed with the texture of melody-dominated homophony.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTGVOvTv0zE

Period: 1600 to 1750

BASSO CONTINUO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTGVOvTv0zE

Period: 1600 to 1750

BAROQUE ORCHESTRA

It has different sections:
- Basso continuo
- Strings
- Wind
- Percussion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WvmCcaqUIY

Period: 1600 to 1750

INSTRUMENTAL FORMS

Fugue: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddbxFi3-UO4
Suite: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CM_J3r-Nt4
Sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j69IL3QAVdg
Concerto: There are 3 types:
- Concerto grosso: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RydMnTCwJvQ
- Concertino: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHIuEBQ8238
- Solo concerto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ne7XYi1i5l0

Period: 1600 to 1750

VOCAL MUSIC (OPERA)

It first appeared in Italy as a long narrative composition. There are two types of opera.
-Opera seria(dramatic opera): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0evKSG3-SI
- Opera buffa ( comic opera): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aiNDcJ7x30w

Period: 1600 to 1750

Parts of an opera

-Overture: Introduction to work, gives a taste of melodies that will come
-Interlude: Secton that gives time for scene changes.
- Recitative: Semi-sung part. It helps to tell te story
-Aria: Part where one or two soloists perform
-Chorus: Part performed by all the singers or a large proportion

Period: 1600 to 1750

RELIGIOUS FORMS

-Cantata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI3CFEs8Mc0
-Oratorio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98UjjwzJBFE
-Passion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0yjZNbBTnY

Period: 1600 to 1750

COURT BALLET

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqJyXOgRPCU

Period: 1730 to 1820

INSTRUMENTAL FORMS

Sonata: -Sonata form: ABA´ -Theme and variations: AA1A2A3
-Minuet:ABA -Rondo: ABACA
There are different names:
- Sonata: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oIdtq9E2ZU
- Trio, quartet, quintet, etc: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwPz7rWLxv0
- Symphony: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOjHhS5MtvA
-Concerto: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNU-XAZjhzA

Period: 1730 to 1820

INSTRUMENTAL FORMS

Orchestra: It added an orchestra conductor and larger concert halls.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOjHhS5MtvA

Period: 1730 to 1820

OPERA

-Opera seria: Mythological or historical plots. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXk8ilGn0c4
- Opera buffa: Everyday situations plots with some comedy or romance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKU6Qwr1-xc

Period: 1730 to 1820

RELIGIOUS VOCAL MUSIC

Requiem:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zi8vJ_lMxQI

Period: 1730 to 1820

THE CLASSICAL PERIOD IN SPAIN

-Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbkILM0x_z4
- Fernando Sor: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEota4mmJnc
-Luigi Boccherini: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dmWAve3Pvk
- Vicente Martín y Soler: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSD8n0Q2oUc

Period: 1730 to 1820

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLASSICAL MUSIC

-Balanced, clear and bright. - Express formal perfection and beauty
-Forms with well defined-structures and smooth transitions
-It emphasised the melody, using short musical phrases that were symmetrical.
- Use of a simple harmony. - Use of melody-dominated homophony. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auP64YEsotw

Period: 1820 to 1910

MUSIC CHARACTERISTICS IN THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

Express emotions
Aiming for virtuosity -Important means of expression in melodies -Wider vocabulary in scores -Melody-dominated homophony -Appearing in small musical forms designed for venues -Aiming for unity by using the repetition of musical ideas

https://study.com/academy/lesson/characteristics-of-romantic-era-music-emotion-dynamic-contrast.html

Period: 1820 to 1910